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Issue #12/2021 25 March 2021

New This Week Case(s) of the Week GOLDEN STAR & ORS v. LING PEEK HOE & ORS [2021] 3 CLJ 443 IKI PUTRA MUBARRAK v. KERAJAAN NEGERI SELANGOR & ANOR [2021] 3 CLJ 465 PEGUAM NEGARA MALAYSIA v. MKINI DOTCOM SDN BHD & ANOR [2021] 3 CLJ 603 Appeal Updates Appeal Updates Latest Cases Legal Network Series CLJ 2021 Volume 3 (Part 4) CLJ 2021 Volume 3 (Part 5) Articles LNS Article(s) Legislation Highlights Principal Acts Amending Acts PU(A) PU(B) Legislation Alert

GOLDEN STAR & ORS v. LING PEEK HOE & ORS [2021] 3 CLJ 443
FEDERAL COURT, PUTRAJAYA
ABDUL RAHMAN SEBLI FCJ; ZABARIAH MOHD YUSOF FCJ; HASNAH MOHAMMED HASHIM FCJ
[CIVIL REVIEW NO: 02(f)-24-04-2016(A)]
11 JANUARY 2021

CIVIL PROCEDURE: Committal proceedings - Application for - Failure by proposed contemnors to obey Federal Court Order - Proceeded to file second and third review applications after first review application struck out without liberty to file afresh - Whether blatant disregard of Federal Court Order - Whether all avenue of appeal exhausted - Whether non-compliance of court order showcased total disregard and disrespect - Whether conduct and behaviour of advocate and solicitor contumacious and disrespectful - Whether contempt of court established

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IKI PUTRA MUBARRAK v. KERAJAAN NEGERI SELANGOR & ANOR [2021] 3 CLJ 465
FEDERAL COURT, PUTRAJAYA
TENGKU MAIMUN TUAN MAT CJ; ROHANA YUSUF PCA; AZAHAR MOHAMED CJ (MALAYA); ABANG ISKANDAR CJ (SABAH AND SARAWAK); MOHD ZAWAWI SALLEH FCJ; NALLINI PATHMANATHAN FCJ; VERNON ONG LAM KIAT FCJ; ZABARIAH MOHD YUSOF FCJ; HASNAH MOHAMMED HASHIM FCJ
[PETITION NO: BKA-3-11-2019(W)]
25 FEBRUARY 2021
[2021] CLJ JT(5)

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: Legislation - Validity of legislation - Syariah Criminal Offences (Selangor) Enactment 1995, s. 28 - Offence against 'precepts of Islam' - Challenge against competency of Selangor State Legislature to legislate offences against precepts of Islam - Whether qualified by phrase 'except in regard to matters included in the Federal List' in item 1, List II, Ninth Schedule of Federal Constitution - Whether States restricted from making laws on subjects within domain of Parliament - Whether criminal law within domain of Parliament - Whether s. 28 enacted in contravention of item 1 of State List - Whether s. 28 inconsistent with Federal Constitution - Whether void

ISLAMIC LAW: Legislation - Validity of impugned legislation - Syariah Criminal Offences (Selangor) Enactment 1995, s. 28 - Offence against 'precepts of Islam' - Challenge against competency of Selangor State Legislature to legislate offences against precepts of Islam - Whether qualified by phrase 'except in regard to matters included in the Federal List' in item 1, List II, Ninth Schedule of Federal Constitution - Whether States restricted from making laws on subjects within domain of Parliament - Whether criminal law within domain of Parliament - Whether s. 28 enacted in contravention of item 1 of State List - Whether s. 28 inconsistent with Federal Constitution - Whether void

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PEGUAM NEGARA MALAYSIA v. MKINI DOTCOM SDN BHD & ANOR [2021] 3 CLJ 603
FEDERAL COURT, PUTRAJAYA
ROHANA YUSUF PCA; AZAHAR MOHAMED CJ (MALAYA); ABANG ISKANDAR CJ (SABAH AND SARAWAK); MOHD ZAWAWI SALLEH FCJ; NALLINI PATHMANATHAN FCJ; VERNON ONG LAM KIAT FCJ; ABDUL RAHMAN SEBLI FCJ
[CIVIL APPLICATION NO: 08(L)-4-06-2020(W)]
19 FEBRUARY 2021
[2021] CLJ JT(6)

CRIMINAL LAW: Contempt - Committal proceedings - Application for - Application for committal proceedings by Attorney General against online news portal ('respondents') - Respondents published article on re-opening of courts - Third party subscribers of portal left comments criticising courts and Judiciary and implying Chief Justice was corrupt - Whether respondents had knowledge of impugned comments - Whether respondents facilitated publication of comments - Whether presumption under s. 114A of Evidence Act 1950 could be invoked - Whether respondents presumed to be publishers of comments - Whether prima facie case for contempt of court established - Whether intention to publish must be proven

EVIDENCE: Presumption - Presumption of facts - Publication of contents on Internet - Application for committal proceedings by Attorney General against online news portal ('respondents') - Respondents published article on re-opening of courts - Third party subscribers of portal left comments criticising courts and Judiciary and implying Chief Justice was corrupt - Whether respondents facilitated publication of impugned comments - Whether respondents had knowledge of comments - Whether presumption under s. 114A of Evidence Act 1950 could be invoked - Whether respondents could be presumed to be publishers of comments - Whether prima facie case for contempt of court established - Whether intention to publish must be proven - Whether requirements under s. 114A(1) of Evidence Act 1950 satisfied

CRIMINAL LAW: Contempt - Committal proceedings - Committal proceedings by Attorney General against online news portal ('respondents') - Defence - Respondents published article - Third party subscribers of portal left comments criticising courts and Judiciary and implying Chief Justice was corrupt - Whether compliance with Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Content Code ('MCMCC') defence against any action or prosecution in court or other forum - Whether respondent complied with MCMCC and afforded defence under law - Whether respondents not required to monitor activities of users and subscribers until being prompted by complaints - Communications and Multimedia Act 1998, ss. 98 & 99

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1. Zerin Properties v. Naza TTDI Sdn Bhd [2019] 1 LNS 784 (CA) overruling the High Court case of Zerin Properties v. Naza TTDI Sdn Bhd [Suit No: BA-22NCVC-345-06/2016]

2. PP lwn. Muhammad Haiqal Rasol [2019] 1 LNS 791 (CA) mengubah kes Mahkamah Tinggi PP v. Muhammad Haiqal Rasol [Perbicaraan Jenayah No: 45A-97-10/2016]

Legal Network Series

[2018] 1 LNS 2307	MOHAMED IMRAN JALALUDEEN lwn. MUHAMMAD AIMAN KAMAL & YANG LAIN Pihak sekolah dan kerajaan Malaysia harus sentiasa memberi kawalan, pengawasan dan perlindungan kepada pelajar-pelajar di sekolah asrama pada tahap yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan sekolah-sekolah biasa. Pihak sekolah dan kerajaan Malaysia telah melanggar kewajipan berhati-hati dan wajar dipertanggungjawabkan bagi kecederaan dan kerugian yang dialami oleh pelajar semasa berada di asrama. TORT: Kecuaian - Kecederaan diri - Tuntutan oleh pelajar terhadap pengetua sekolah asrama dan kerajaan Malaysia - Pelajar mengalami kecederaan diri akibat dipukul oleh penghuni asrama yang lain - Sama ada pihak sekolah bertanggungjawab untuk segala tindakan dan peninggalan yang dilakukan oleh kakitangan sekolah - Sama ada petugas sekolah mempunyai tahap berjaga-jaga dan pantauan yang lebih tinggi berbanding dengan sekolah-sekolah biasa - Sama ada pihak sekolah telah gagal memberikan pengawasan dan penjagaan yang mencukupi - Sama ada wujud perlangaran kewajipan berhati-hati di pihak sekolah dan kerajaan Malaysia apabila pelajar telah mengalami kecederaan dan kerugian akibat dipukul oleh penghuni sekolah asrama yang lain - Sama ada pihak sekolah dan kerajaan Malaysia wajar dipertanggungjawabkan bagi kecederaan dan kerugian yang dialami oleh pelajar
[2019] 1 LNS 234	SYARAFI ABU lwn. PP 1. Hakim bicara mempunyai budi bicara yang sepenuhnya berdasarkan fakta dan keadaan sesuatu kes untuk memilih mana satu pandangan atau pendapat pakar-pakar yang wajar diterima jika pandangan atau pendapat pakar-pakar tersebut adalah bercanggah atau berbeza antara satu sama lain. 2. Fungsi untuk membuat sesuatu dapatan fakta adalah terletak pada mahkamah atau seorang hakim dan fungsi ini tidak boleh diserahkan kepada saksi pakar. UNDANG-UNDANG JENAYAH: Bunuh - Niat - Keterangan ikut keadaan - Kecederaan tikaman tunggal di bahagian hadapan leher - Tertuduh adalah orang terakhir yang dilihat bersama si mati - Saksi telah melihat tertuduh bergelut dengan si mati di dalam kereta - Tertuduh dilihat melangkah mayat si mati dan mengeluarkan kata-kata kesat tanpa sebarang rasa kesal - Tertuduh cuba melarikan diri - Pembelaan mendakwa si mati membunuh diri - Sama ada kecederaan yang menyebabkan kematian si mati adalah akibat perbuatan tertuduh atau perbuatan si mati sendiri dengan niat untuk membunuh diri KETERANGAN: Keterangan pakar - Percanggahan keterangan pakar - Budi bicara mahkamah - Pemilihan pandangan atau pendapat pakar - Percanggahan tentang naratif bagaimana si mati mengalami kecederaan yang membawa kepada kematiannya - Sama ada hakim bicara mempunyai budi bicara yang sepenuhnya untuk memilih pandangan pakar yang wajar diterima - Sama ada budi bicara untuk memilih pendapat pakar adalah berdasarkan fakta dan keadaan sesuatu kes - Sama ada fungsi untuk mendapatkan dapatan fakta boleh diserahkan kepada saksi pakar Bagi pihak perayu - Naran Singh; T/n Naran Singh & Co Bagi pihak responden - Nik Syahril Nik Ab Rahman, Timbalan Pendakwa Raya; Jabatan Peguam Negara
[2019] 1 LNS 601	PP lwn. MUHAMMAD LUDIN Ketinggalan dalam menyatakan butiran penerimaan wang oleh tertuduh sama ada untuk diri sendiri atau bagi pihak orang lain di dalam pertuduhan bagi kesalahan di bawah s. 165 Kanun Keseksaan tidak menyebabkan kekeliruan, prejudis dan kegagalan keadilan kepada tertuduh untuk menyediakan pembelaan. Kegagalan tertuduh membuat bantahan berkenaan pertuduhan ketika perjalanan prosiding dan fakta bahawa tertuduh diwakili peguambela memberi kepastian bahawa tertuduh tidak pernah terkeliru dengan pertuduhan. PROSEDUR JENAYAH: Pertuduhan - Ketinggalan butiran - Kesalahan di bawah s. 165 Kanun Keseksaan - Ketiadaan bantahan dibuat berkenaan kekeliruan pertuduhan ketika perjalanan prosiding - Tertuduh diwakili peguambela - Sama ada ketinggalan menyatakan penerimaan wang untuk diri tertuduh sendiri atau bagi pihak orang lain telah mengelirukan dan memprejudiskan tertuduh - Sama ada pertuduhan adalah cacat - Sama ada pertuduhan telah memberi notis yang mencukupi untuk tertuduh menyediakan pembelaan - Kanun Acara Jenayah, s. 156 PROSEDUR JENAYAH: Rayuan - Rayuan terhadap pelepasan dan pembebasan - Pelepasan dan pembebasan di akhir kes pembelaan - Kesalahan di bawah s. 165 Kanun Keseksaan - Hakim bicara hanya menilai keterangan tertuduh - Hakim bicara memutuskan anggapan di bawah s. 50(3) Akta Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia 2009 ('SPRM') tidak perlu dipatahkan - Sama ada hakim bicara telah tersalah arah apabila tidak menilai keseluruhan keterangan yang telah dikemukakan oleh kedua-dua pihak pendakwaan dan pembelaan - Sama ada hakim bicara telah tersalah arah apabila memutuskan s. 50(3) Akta Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia 2009 tidak terpakai dalam pembelaan Bagi pihak responden - Mohammad Farhan Maaruf; T/n Farhan Maaruf & Co Bagi pihak pendakwaan - Mohamad Suffian Jaafar, Timbalan Pendakwa Raya; Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia
[2019] 1 LNS 1034	DESARU PEACE HOLDINGS CLUB SDN BHD v. MALAYSIAN RESOURCES CORPORATION BERHAD An adjudicator must ensure that the directions that he has given are equally enforced against both parties and are complied with. The adjudicator will be in breach of the rules of natural justice and biased when he allows a party to file their cause papers beyond the directions given by him earlier and for ignoring the objections taken by the other party to the proceedings. CONSTRUCTION LAW: Adjudication - Setting aside - Application to set aside adjudication decision - Breach of rules of natural justice - Adjudication reply filed beyond page limit which was set by adjudicator in his directions - Adjudicator  allowed one party to waive compliance of procedural rules that he had initially set - Adjudicator ignored objections of other party - Whether there was breach of rules of natural justice - Whether adjudicator acted in excess of his jurisdiction - Whether adjudicator must ensure that his directions were equally enforced against both parties - Whether adjudicator had breached his duty to act fairly and acted in a manner which was biased in favour of one party For the plaintiff - Kuhendran Thanapalasingam & Suhanti Sivanesan; M/s Zul Rafique & Partners For the defendant - RK Sharma & Phang Zheng Jack; M/s Vicknaraj, RD Ratnam & Rajesh Kumar & Associates
[2019] 1 LNS 1236	PP v. LETCHIMINAN TARIMUTHU The Court has wide discretionary powers to alter or add to any charge. However, it is the obligation of the prosecution to bring a matter to the attention of the Court where a charge is to be altered or amended. CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: Charge - Amendment of - Charge relating to offence of possession of prohibited cigarettes - Discrepancies in number of cigarettes in charge - Power of court to alter or add to charge - Whether court has been conferred with wide discretionary powers to alter or add any charge - Whether court may alter or add to any charge on its own accord or upon application by the prosecution to amend charge - Criminal Procedure Code, s. 158 CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: Appeal - Appeal against acquittal and discharge - Offence relating to possession of prohibited cigarettes under s. 135(1)(d) of Customs Act 1967 - Accused was acquitted and discharged at end of prosecution's case - Discrepancies in charge relating to number of cigarettes - Failure of prosecution to amend charge - Unexplained discrepancies - Prosecution failed to investigate another individual living in the room where exhibits were found - Whether amendment to number of cigarettes may result in a change to total value of exhibits - Whether prosecution had established prima facie case against accused - Whether prosecution had established that accused had exclusive possession of cigarettes - Whether prosecution's failure warranted acquittal and discharge of accused For the appellant - Shahrina Nor Azman, Timbalan Pendakwa Raya; Jabatan Kastam Diraja Malaysia; Bahagian Perundangan For the respondent - P Sandrasegaran; M/s PS Segaran & Co

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CLJ 2021 Volume 3 (Part 4)

Parties and solicitors to a suit had no business to disobey a court order, or to aid or abet a noncompliance, and in so doing, risk the prospect of being cited for contempt. When, therefore, the respondents and their solicitor herein, in disregard of the order of the Federal Court ordering them to cause the charge created on the applicant's properties to be discharged and to return the original title deeds to the applicant, have not only failed or refused to obey the order within the time stipulated, but went on to file, while continuing to disobey the order, and after a review application filed earlier by the previous solicitor had been struck off, another two separate applications to review the order and affirming thereby an affidavit questioning the validity and enforceability of the Federal Court order, and indeed accusing the apex court of bias, then both the respondents and the lawyer must be held to have been guilty of conduct which could be termed as recalcitrant, contumacious and disrespectful, and so, deserved to be cited for contempt and treated as contemnors. For the lawyer specifically and additionally, no refuge could be had in the argument that he was only acting professionally or following his clients' instructions, or that he is protected by s. 35(1) of the Legal Profession Act 1976. Section 35(1) of the LPA merely deals with a lawyer's right to appear and plead in court; it does not protect a lawyer from contempt.
Golden Star & Ors v. Ling Peek Hoe & Ors [2021] 3 CLJ 443 [FC]

• SUBJECT
• CORAM
• COUNSEL

Section 28 of the Syariah Criminal Offences (Selangor) Enactment 1995, which criminalises unnatural sex, is in contravention of the State List in the Ninth Schedule of the Federal Constitution. The section, while providing for the offences against the 'precepts of Islam', is limited by the preclusion clause contained in the State List, ie, 'except in regard to matters included in the Federal List'. Criminal law being a federal matter, is exclusively for Parliament to enact; and is beyond the legislative competency of the State Legislature.
Iki Putra Mubarrak v. Kerajaan Negeri Selangor & Anor [2021] 3 CLJ 465 [FC]

• SUBJECT
• CORAM
• COUNSEL

A registered owner of a master title who subsequently subdivides the land and receives the full purchase price for the subdivided title, holds the title as bare trustee and is obliged in law to transfer the subdivided title to a subsequent purchaser who has given notice of the transfer to the registered owner.
Noraini Mohamed Hadi v. Pembangunan Tanah Dan Perumahan Sdn Bhd & Another Appeal [2021] 3 CLJ 518 [CA]

• SUBJECT
• CORAM
• COUNSEL

When the handling of exhibits in the prosecution's case, sought to be returned by the owners, is found to be wanting in some aspects and there are blatant discrepancies leading to the exhibits being disputed, the police ought to be found liable for negligently handling the items and the claimants ought to be compensated. The existence of a duty of care could not be in any doubt as any item found to be used in the commission of an offence is required to be in the safe custody of the police for investigation and the subsequent prosecution (s. 413(5) of the Criminal Procedure Code).
Inspektor M Yusof Jahaya & Ors v. Chin Hock Wa & Ors [2021] 3 CLJ 571 [HC]

• SUBJECT
• CORAM
• COUNSEL

A self-identification order, also known as a 'Spartacus' or 'I am Spartacus' order may be issued to compel persons unknown to identify himself/herself and to provide an address for service. The self-identification order would require placing an advertisement in local newspapers of a notice against the person(s) unknown and this notice would alert the persons unknown of the order for them to self-identify within seven days of the advertisement, failing which, they risk committal proceedings.
Zschimmer & Schwarz GmbH & Co KG Chemische Fabriken v. Persons Unknown & Anor (No 2) [2021] 3 CLJ 587 [HC]

• SUBJECT
• CORAM
• COUNSEL

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CLJ 2021 Volume 3 (Part 5)

(i) Section 114A of the Evidence Act 1950 provides for presumptions of facts in publication of contents on the Internet to assist in identifying and in proving the identity of an anonymous person involved in the publication through the Internet. Although the prosecution need not prove the existence of the basic facts before invoking such presumption, the presumption is rebuttable and must be proved on a balance of probabilities;
(ii) With the invocation of the presumptions, online portals/platforms that contain offensive comments can be held liable for facilitating the publication of such comments. In order to avoid liability, these online platforms/portals must have in place a system that is capable of detecting and rapidly removing offensive comments. Portals/platforms cannot just wait to be alerted by their online subscribers because such alert may never come and this would unjustifiably and irresponsibly shift the entire blame on third party online subscribers while exonerating itself of all liabilities.
Peguam Negara Malaysia v. Mkini Dotcom Sdn Bhd & Anor [2021] 3 CLJ 603 [FC]

• SUBJECT
• CORAM
• COUNSEL

(i) In disciplinary proceedings involving an advocate and solicitor, where the end result could lead to the advocate and solicitor being suspended or struck off the Roll, the Disciplinary Board and the Disciplinary Committee must properly evaluate all evidence and weigh them with utmost care;
(ii) Where the solicitor had merely acted as the transaction solicitor and not a party to the agreement, imposing the obligation on the solicitor to pay the purchase price would lead to a change in the law of obligations by extending it beyond the contracting parties.
Sithradevi Nagalingam v. Masdar Darman & Anor; Majlis Peguam Malaysia (Intervener) [2021] 3 CLJ 677 [FC]

• SUBJECT
• CORAM
• COUNSEL

(i) The word 'property' in an offence under s. 29(1) of the Minor Offences Act 1955 hinges upon the word 'possession', in that, the property must have been in the possession of the accused person; 
(ii) Money deposited in the account holder's bank account was money of the bank and is a chose in action; thus, the charges framed against the accused person, for failure to account for the monies in her bank account, were defective as they failed to disclose an offence under s. 29(1) of the Act and were thus wrongful and illegal.
Harpajan Kaur Delib Singh v. PP [2021] 3 CLJ 704 [HC]

• SUBJECT
• CORAM
• COUNSEL

(1) A mosque in a police camp, where the accused was found to have been in possession of offensive weapons, was a public place where members of the public could have access to worship and its usage was not restricted to only members of the camp. Hence, the ingredients of the charge against the accused were fulfilled and the accused was found guilty under s. 6(1) of the Corrosive and Explosive Substances and Offensive Weapons Act 1958.
(2) The three options (i) a right to remain silent; (ii) a right to give unsworn evidence and (iii) a right to give sworn evidence, as required under s. 173(ha) of the Criminal Procedure Code, had been explained to the accused and even where there was a failure to do so, it would not prejudice the accused if he was represented by counsel.
Muhamed Khairul Akmar Mohamed Shahid v. PP [2021] 3 CLJ 725 [HC]

• SUBJECT
• CORAM
• COUNSEL

The fiction 'John Doe' had been used in several Malaysian cases when, at the point of filing the writ and statement of claim, a plaintiff has no knowledge of the identity of the defendant. However, upon the discovery of the identity of the defendant, a plaintiff may apply to amend his pleadings to substitute 'John Doe' to the actual name of the defendant so long as the application is bona fide, does not prejudice the defendant and does not alter the body of the statement of claim. The amendment is necessary to ensure that all matters in dispute may be effectually and completely adjudicated upon on its merits.
Nabilah Mohamad Zawahid v. John/Jane Doe 1 & Ors [2021] 3 CLJ 739 [HC]

• SUBJECT
• CORAM
• COUNSEL

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LNS Article(s)

1. REGULATORY IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTI-BARRIER APPROACH FOR SAFE DRINKING WATER IN SELECTED DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: AN OVERVIEW ^{[Read excerpt]}
   by Adillah Othman^[i] Mariani Ariffin^[ii] Sa'odah Ahmad^[iii] [2021] 1 LNS(A) xxxviii

[2021] 1 LNS(A) xxxviii

MALAYSIA

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REGULATORY IMPLEMENTATION OF MULTI-BARRIER APPROACH FOR SAFE DRINKING WATER IN SELECTED DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: AN OVERVIEW

by
Adillah Othman^[i]
Mariani Ariffin^[ii]
Sa'odah Ahmad^[iii]

ABSTRACT

Ensuring safe drinking water is one of the global challenges faced today. Many countries have come out with various policies, plans, and strategies to deal with this issue. This article presents an overview of the implementation of a multi-barrier approach ("MBA") for safe drinking water in Canada, Australia, and several countries in the European Union ("EU"). A "systematic review" of the previous literature has been employed to discover patterns and ideas concerning MBA implementation. The MBA is strongly advocated by the Water Safety Plans ("WSP") released by the World Health Organization ("WHO") because it would increase the safety of drinking water due to multiple protections in the water supply system. Source water protection is very fundamental in MBA because the cost of removing contaminants by water treatment could be reduced if preventive measures are considered as early as at the source water stage.

. . .

[i] Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor. Corresponding author: adillahothman@gmail.com.

[ii] Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor.

[iii] Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor.

2. PRIVACY AND ETHICAL CONCERNS WITH MYSEJAHTERA MOBILE CONTACT TRACING APP ^{[Read excerpt]}
   by Matthew Sebastian* [2021] 1 LNS(A) xxxix

[2021] 1 LNS(A) xxxix

MALAYSIA

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PRIVACY AND ETHICAL CONCERNS WITH MYSEJAHTERA MOBILE CONTACT TRACING APP

by
Matthew Sebastian*

1. INTRODUCTION

This article is aimed at addressing the legal and ethical implications of the use of the MySejahtera mobile contact tracing app and to examine the possible impact to privacy and confidentiality of individuals in using the application.

The article will examine the purposes of the app, the functionality of the app, as well as the safeguards that have been implemented to protect privacy of individuals. The article will then analyse whether the purposes and functions of the app are adequately tuned to counter possible conflicts with the liberty and privacy of individuals in Malaysia.

The article will assess the legal and ethical implications of the widespread use of the MySejahtera app. The article will then look to build on major developments in the use of mobile contact tracing apps globally as a comparative tool on how to improve the MySejahtera app and mitigate risks to fundamental rights and liberties that may be intertwined with the usage of MySejahtera.

. . .

*Advocate & Solicitor, High Court of Malaya

3. EUTHANASIA: RIGHT TO LIFE AS OPPOSED TO RIGHT TO PERSONAL AUTONOMY ^{[Read excerpt]}
   by Noor Akmal Binti Mustafa Kamal* Prof. Madya Dr. Shahrul Mizan Ismail** [2021] 1 LNS(A) xl

[2021] 1 LNS(A) xl

MALAYSIA

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EUTHANASIA: RIGHT TO LIFE AS OPPOSED TO RIGHT TO PERSONAL AUTONOMY

by
Noor Akmal Binti Mustafa Kamal*
Prof. Madya Dr. Shahrul Mizan Ismail**

ABSTRACT

Euthanasia has become one of the most significant topics of debate not only in legal medicine but also in the criminal law context in many countries. In fact, it remains unlawful according to religions and is considered an immoral practice. In certain parts of the world, the right to die with dignity is considered as a part of natural human rights. However, according to the rest of the world, euthanasia is unlawful and even sinful in some religions. The researcher applies a qualitative research approach, to observe and analyse the relevant documents, and to explore the definitions, concepts and legality of euthanasia in Western and non-Western countries, including the Islamic perspective. The researcher applies the non-doctrinal approach with the aim of discussing the clash of values on the acceptance and practice of euthanasia between Western and the Eastern countries. This research aims to promote better understanding on the concept of a human's right to life and the impact of euthanasia on society.

. . .

* LL.B (Hons) (IIUM), Postgraduate Student in the Faculty of Law, National University of Malaysia (UKM); Senior Federal Counsel, Attorney General's Chambers of Malaysia.

** LL.B (Hons) (IIUM), LL.M (Human Rights) (Nottingham), Ph.D (UKM); Advocate & Solicitor (Malaya) (Non-practising); Associate Professor, Faculty of Law, National University of Malaysia (UKM).

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