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CLJ Logo CLJ Bulletin, Issue 2014, Vol 05
31 January 2014

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New This Week

1. Cases Of The Week

a) CHE SOM CHE MAT v. PENTADBIR TANAH DAERAH KERIAN

b) PP lwn. MOHD HELMI DATO' HJ SHA'RI [2013] 2 SMC 223

c) JUDICIAL QUOTES

2. Latest Cases

a) Legal Network Series

b) CLJ 2014 Volume 1 (Part 5)

3. Articles

a) Legal Network Series Article

4. Legislation Highlights

a) Principal Acts

b) Amending Acts

c) PU(A)

d) PU(B)


CASES OF THE WEEK

CHE SOM CHE MAT v. PENTADBIR TANAH DAERAH KERIAN
HIGH COURT MALAYA, IPOH
LEE SWEE SENG JC
[LAND REFERENCE NO: 15-17-2011]
1 JULY 2013

LAND LAW: Acquisition of land - Compulsory - Compensation - Objection against - Land Acquisition Act 1960, s. 38(1) - Whether compensation reflected true market value of land - Whether applicant's valuer and government's valuer had come to common concurrence - Whether court had discretion to differ from amount decided upon by both assessors - Injurious affection to remainder of land - Whether amount awarded should be increased - Whether applicant should be compensated for earth filling works carried out to construct new house on remaining land - Whether applicant should be allowed to claim for damage to crops - Interest - Award of - Whether on increased computation - Land Acquisition Act 1960, ss. 40D & 48 - National Land Code, s. 115

LAND LAW: Acquisition of land - Compensation - Assessment of - Whether compensation reflected true market value of land - Whether applicant's valuer and government's valuer had come to common concurrence - Whether court had discretion to differ from amount decided upon by both assessors - Injurious affection to remainder of land - Whether amount awarded should be increased - Whether applicant should be compensated for earth filling works carried out to construct new house on remaining land - Whether applicant should be allowed to claim for damage to crops - Interest - Award of - Whether on increased computation - Land Acquisition Act 1960, ss. 40D & 48 - National Land Code, s. 115

PP lwn. MOHD HELMI DATO' HJ SHA'RI [2013] 2 SMC 223
MAHKAMAH SESYEN, JOHOR BAHRU
MOHAMAD HALDAR ABDUL AZIZ HS
[KES TANGKAP NO: 61-6-2011 & 61-7-2011]
9 APRIL 2012

UNDANG-UNDANG JENAYAH: Rasuah - Menerima suapan secara rasuah - Pertuduhan di bawah s. 16(a)(B) Akta Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia 2009 dan s. 165 Kanun Keseksaan - Tertuduh menerima sumbangan berbentuk wang - Sama ada tertuduh seorang penjawat awam - Sama ada menerima barangan berharga tanpa balasan - Sama ada tertuduh mempunyai pengetahuan bahawa pemberi sumbangan mempunyai hubungan rasmi dengan majikan - Sama ada anggapan statutori di bawah s. 50(3) Akta Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia 2009 dipatahkan

UNDANG-UNDANG JENAYAH: Kanun Keseksaan - Seksyen 165 - Sama ada elemen-elemen kesalahan dibuktikan - Sama ada anggapan statutori di bawah s. 50(3) Akta Suruhanjaya Pencegahan Rasuah Malaysia 2009 dipatahkan

PROSEDUR JENAYAH: Pembelaan - Keterangan - Sama ada bersifat `afterthought' - Sama ada tertuduh memberi keterangan yang konsisten dan jujur - Sama ada memberi faedah keraguan - Sama ada tertuduh berjaya menimbulkan keraguan munasabah terhadap kes pendakwaan

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JUDICIAL QUOTES

BADRUL HISHAM SHAHRIN lwn. PP & KES YANG LAIN [2013] 1 LNS 439

[3] Isu: Sama ada, dengan berkuatkuasanya Akta Perhimpunan Aman 2012 (‘APA’), Majistret masih boleh mengeluarkan perintah (larangan berhimpun) di bawah s. 98 Kanun Tatacara Jenayah (‘KTJ’); seterusnya, sama ada perintah di bawah s. 98 KTJ yang dikeluarkan oleh Majistret dalam kes ini ultra vires APA dan/atau Perlembagaan Persekutuan.

“Walaupun APA telah dikuatkuasa yang memberikan hak kepada orang awam untuk menganjur dan menyertai perhimpunan aman dengan tanpa senjata, namun peruntukan di bawah s. 98 KTJ masih kekal dan tidak dihapuskan oleh Parlimen. Ini mencerminkan niat Parlimen bahawa s. 98 KTJ yang bersifat procedural berjalan secara seiringan serta selari dengan semangat APA yang berbentuk substantive laws yang memberikan hak untuk berhimpun tanpa senjata.”

“Fakta dan keadaan yang berlaku dalam kes ini mewajarkan Tuan Majistret mengeluarkan Perintah tersebut di bawah s. 98 KTJ pada 26 April 2012 oleh kerana terdapat keadaan yang memerlukan dengan segera bagi mengelakkan berlakunya keadaan-keadaan yang dinyatakan di bawah s. 98 KTJ tersebut. Oleh itu Perintah Tuan Majistret tidaklah bertentangan atau ultra vires APA dan/atau Perlembagaan Persekutuan” – oleh Kamardin Hashim H di dalam Badrul Hisham Shahrin lwn. PP & Kes Yang Lain [2013] 1 LNS 439.

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LATEST CASES

Legal Network Series

[2011] 1 LNS 829

HAZRAF ALI HASSAN v. PP

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: Charge - Defective charge - Offence of corruption - Charge totally silent regarding for whom corrupt money was being sought for by accused - Whether this material fact should have been incorporated in the charge to satisfy the requirements and provisions of the Criminal Procedure Code and give sufficient notice to the accused of the offence committed by him - Whether proper charge should be under s. 10(a)(bb) of the Anti-Corruption Act 1997 - Effect of a defective charge - Whether defect in charge not only an error but also did not disclose any known offence - Whether accused greatly prejudiced by being ignorant of actual nature of offence committed by him - Whether he would be unable to properly defend himself - Whether a retrial would tantamount to giving the prosecution a second bite of the cherry

[2011] 1 LNS 1686

MAZLAN OSMAN v. PP

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: Appeal - Appeal against conviction - Finding that appellant did not succeed in rebutting presumption in s. 42 of the Anti-Corruption Act 1997 that he had solicited the gratification corruptly and also received the gratification corruptly - Whether trial judge was correct when he held that the prosecution proved the 2 counts against appellant beyond reasonable doubt - Whether any substantial or compelling reason for the court to disturb the findings of primary facts and reasonable inferences which trial judge had drawn from them - Whether trial judge was correct in coming to his conclusion that appellant was guilty on both counts and in convicting him for 2 offences of corruption

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: Appeal - Appeal against sentence - Whether trial judge applied correct principles in assessment of sentence - Whether any reason for this court to interfere by passing a different sentence - Whether sentences imposed were in accordance with the law after taking into account the minimum and maximum sentence set out in s. 16 of the Anti-Corruption Act 1997 and established principles of sentencing

[2011] 1 LNS 1758

SIGMA ELEVATOR (M) SDN BHD v. PEMBANGUNAN SUMBER MANUSIA BERHAD

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: Judicial review - Application for - Certiorari - Appeal against imposition of retrospective levy addressed to the Minister but responded to by respondent's representative - Whether there was a decision by the Minister for applicant to cite him as a party - Decision to impose levy made on 22 March 2010 - Applicant exhausted avenues of appeal and application finally decided by respondent on 21 October 2010 - Whether application should be computed from 21 October 2010 or 22 March 2010 - Whether respondent could impose levy retrospectively under the law upon its own initial mistake of denying applicant from registering itself - Whether respondent's act in imposing backdated levy was unreasonable and should be quashed - Whether such imposition was authorised by law - Whether respondent committed an error of law in its decision

[2012] 1 LNS 1245

MOHAMED SUFFIAN AHMAD SHAZALI v. MAJLIS AGAMA ISLAM DAN ADAT MELAYU PERAK DARUL RIDZUAN & ANOR

CIVIL PROCEDURE: Striking out - Action - Whether there existed any cause of action that entitled plaintiff to obtain a remedy against second defendant - Whether plaintiff could blame second defendant's appointment for his termination - Whether plaintiff's claim against second defendant obviously unsustainable

CIVIL PROCEDURE: Court - Jurisdiction - Whether Civil Court had jurisdiction over matter on administration of mosques which came within jurisdiction of the Syariah High Court - Whether plaintiff should have filed for judicial review to quash decision to terminate him - Whether plaintiff should be allowed to file a writ action for a declaration arising from a purported wrongful termination of his services - Whether plaintiff's claim should be viewed on a remedy basis rather than subject matter which was premised upon a termination of a contract of employment - Whether the Syariah Court had jurisdiction or power to grant a declaration - Whether consistent for first defendant to say that wrong procedure had been followed by not filing for judicial review and at the same time arguing Court had no jurisdiction

[2013] 1 LNS 389

TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD v. ICHI-BAN PLASTIC (M) SDN BHD

CONTRACT: Breach - Agreement - Contract to supply electricity - Claims for loss of revenue - Whether prosecution and conviction under s. 37(1), (3) and (14) was prerequisite for a claim under s. 38(3) of the Electricity Supply Act 1990 - Whether any requirement to establish that defendant interfered with metering equipment - Whether defendant was sued as a consumer and not as perpetrator - Whether plaintiff met requirements of s. 38 to claim loss of revenue - Whether plaintiff's claim was for pecuniary loss based on a cause of action created by statute - Whether claim was damages or compensation to plaintiff for their loss of revenue - Whether calculation of the loss should be based on percentage of error - Whether measure of the loss was rebutted by defendant - Whether plaintiff's calculation was reasonable

CLJ 2014 Volume 1 (Part 5)

COURT

HIGH COURT

Wong Leh Yin v. PP
Abdul Wahab Patail, Zaharah Ibrahim, Mohamad Ariff Md Yusof JJCA
(Civil Procedure; Constitutional Law - National language - Use of National language in courts - Petition of appeal filed in Bahasa Malaysia instead of in the English language) [2014] 1 CLJ 565 [HC]

Che Som Che Mat v. Pentadbir Tanah Daerah Kerian
Lee Swee Seng JC
(Land Law - Acquisition of land - Compulsory - Compensation) [2014] 1 CLJ 575 [HC]

Ideal Advantage Sdn Bhd v. Palm Spring Joint Management Body & Anor
Asmabi Mohamad JC
(Land Law; Contract - Ownership - Claim for - Strata title) [2014] 1 CLJ 598 [HC]

Jardine Lloyd Thompson Sdn Bhd v. Berjaya Sompo Insurance Bhd
Nallini Pathmanathan J
(Insurance; Words & Phrases - Insurance clause - Construction of - Policy to cover dishonest acts of employees) [2014] 1 CLJ 635 [HC]

Teo Jyr Jong & Anor v. Asset First Sdn Bhd & Anor
Yeoh Wee Siam J
(Legal Profession; Contract; Land Law - Duty of care - Negligence - Solicitors) [2014] 1 CLJ 660 [HC]

TR Hamzah & Yeang Sdn Bhd v. City Centre Sdn Bhd
Umi Kalthum Abd Majid J
(Company Law - Winding up - Official Receiver and liquidator - Appointment of) [2014] 1 CLJ 682 [HC]

SUBJECT INDEX

CIVIL PROCEDURE

Proceedings - Petition of appeal - Preliminary objection - Petition of appeal filed in Bahasa Malaysia before High Court in Sarawak - Whether incurably defective - Whether bad in law and inadmissible - Whether use of Bahasa Malaysia expressly prohibited - Whether objection purely a technicality - Whether there was miscarriage of justice - Whether preliminary objection flawed - Rules of the High Court 1980, O. 2 r. 3 - Federal Constitution, art. 161(2)(b)
Wong Leh Yin v. PP
(Abdul Wahab Patail, Zaharah Ibrahim, Mohamad Ariff Md Yusof JJCA) [2014] 1 CLJ 565 [HC]

COMPANY LAW

Winding up - Official Receiver and liquidator - Appointment of - Companies Act 1965, s. 227 - Nomination of person or persons as liquidator for wound up company - Opposition to proposed nominees - Whether nominees in position of conflict of interest - Whether Official Receiver should remain as liquidator
TR Hamzah & Yeang Sdn Bhd v. City Centre Sdn Bhd
(Umi Kalthum Abd Majid J) [2014] 1 CLJ 682 [HC]

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

National language - Use of National language in courts - Petition of appeal filed in Bahasa Malaysia instead of in the English language - Whether incurably defective - Whether bad in law and inadmissible - Federal Constitution, art. 161(2)(b)
Wong Leh Yin v. PP
(Abdul Wahab Patail, Zaharah Ibrahim, Mohamad Ariff Yusof JJCA) [2014] 1 CLJ 565 [HC]

CONTRACT

Breach - Sale and Purchase Agreements - Consideration and object of agreements - Whether unlawful - Whether developer breached mandatory conditions stipulated in Development Order - Whether titles acquired from developer was by insufficient and void instrument - Contracts Act 1950, s. 24
Ideal Advantage Sdn Bhd v. Palm Spring Joint Management Body & Anor
(Asmabi Mohamad JC) [2014] 1 CLJ 598 [HC]

Sale and purchase of property - Solicitor - Duty of care - Negligence - Whether there was a breach of duty of care and responsibilities - Whether there was a contract of appointment between plaintiffs and solicitor - Presumed or implied retainer - Whether existed - Whether solicitor negligent in the exercise of its professional duties - Whether there was contributory negligence by plaintiffs - Whether liability of solicitor in relation to plaintiffs' claim reduced
Teo Jyr Jong & Anor v. Asset First Sdn Bhd & Anor
(Yeoh Wee Siam J) [2014] 1 CLJ 660 [HC]

INSURANCE

Insurance clause - Construction of - Optional extension clause - Policy to cover acts of fraud of employees - Whether loss of monies within optional extension clause of policy - Whether payments to event management companies within optional extension clause of policy
Jardine Lloyd Thompson Sdn Bhd v. Berjaya Sompo Insurance Bhd
(Nallini Pathmanathan J) [2014] 1 CLJ 635 [HC]

Insurance clause - Construction of - Policy to cover dishonest acts of employees - Whether word 'loss of money' describes physical loss of monies - Whether 'loss' refers to natural and ordinary meaning or 'physical loss' - Whether specified
Jardine Lloyd Thompson Sdn Bhd v. Berjaya Sompo Insurance Bhd
(Nallini Pathmanathan J) [2014] 1 CLJ 635 [HC]

LAND LAW

Acquisition of land - Compensation - Assessment of - Whether compensation reflected true market value of land - Whether applicant's valuer and government's valuer had come to common concurrence - Whether court had discretion to differ from amount decided upon by both assessors - Injurious affection to remainder of land - Whether amount awarded should be increased - Whether applicant should be compensated for earth filling works carried out to construct new house on remaining land - Whether applicant should be allowed to claim for damage to crops - Interest - Award of - Whether on increased computation - Land Acquisition Act 1960, ss. 40D & 48 - National Land Code, s. 115
Che Som Che Mat v. Pentadbir Tanah Daerah Kerian
(Lee Swee Seng JC) [2014] 1 CLJ 575 [HC]

Acquisition of land - Compulsory - Compensation - Objection against - Land Acquisition Act 1960, s. 38(1) - Whether compensation reflected true market value of land - Whether applicant's valuer and government's valuer had come to common concurrence - Whether court had discretion to differ from amount decided upon by both assessors - Injurious affection to remainder of land - Whether amount awarded should be increased - Whether applicant should be compensated for earth filling works carried out to construct new house on remaining land - Whether applicant should be allowed to claim for damage to crops - Interest - Award of - Whether on increased computation - Land Acquisition Act 1960, ss. 40D & 48 - National Land Code, s. 115
Che Som Che Mat v. Pentadbir Tanah Daerah Kerian
(Lee Swee Seng JC) [2014] 1 CLJ 575 [HC]

Ownership - Claim for - Plaintiff owner of 45 units of condominium - 439 units of car parks transferred to plaintiff - Whether car parks common property - Whether transfer of car parks legal - Whether plaintiff's titles indefeasible - National Land Code, s. 340
Ideal Advantage Sdn Bhd v. Palm Spring Joint Management Body & Anor
(Asmabi Mohamad JC) [2014] 1 CLJ 598 [HC]

Sale and purchase of property - Solicitor - Duty of care - Negligence - Whether there was a breach of duty of care and responsibilities - Whether there was a contract of appointment between plaintiffs and solicitor - Presumed or implied retainer - Whether existed - Whether solicitor negligent in the exercise of its professional duties - Whether there was contributory negligence by plaintiffs - Whether liability of solicitor in relation to plaintiffs' claim reduced
Teo Jyr Jong & Anor v. Asset First Sdn Bhd & Anor
(Yeoh Wee Siam J) [2014] 1 CLJ 660 [HC]

Strata title - Accessory parcel - Plaintiff owner of 45 units of condominium - 439 units of accessory car park parcels transferred to plaintiff - Whether car parks common property - Whether car parks for commercial purposes - Whether plaintiff entitled to rental of car parks - Strata Titles Act 1985, ss. 4, 34 & 69 - Whether breached - Whether declaratory relief sought by plaintiff ought to be granted
Ideal Advantage Sdn Bhd v. Palm Spring Joint Management Body & Anor
(Asmabi Mohamad JC) [2014] 1 CLJ 598 [HC]

LEGAL PROFESSION

Duty of care - Negligence - Solicitors - Sale and purchase of property - Whether there was a breach of duty of care and responsibilities - Whether there was a contract of appointment between plaintiffs and solicitor - Presumed or implied retainer - Whether existed - Whether solicitor negligent in the exercise of its professional duties - Whether there was contributory negligence by plaintiffs - Whether liability of solicitor in relation to plaintiffs' claim reduced
Teo Jyr Jong & Anor v. Asset First Sdn Bhd & Anor
(Yeoh Wee Siam J) [2014] 1 CLJ 660 [HC]

WORDS & PHRASES

"loss" - Meaning of - Insurance policy - Whether ought to be accorded its natural and ordinary meaning - Whether "loss" refers to "physical loss" - Whether the word "loss" routinely utilised in insurance policies encompassing a wide variety of matters
Jardine Lloyd Thompson Sdn Bhd v. Berjaya Sompo Insurance Bhd
(Nallini Pathmanathan J) [2014] 1 CLJ 635 [HC]

ARTICLE

Legal Network Series Article

LEGISLATION HIGHLIGHTS

Principal Acts

Number Title Date coming into force Repealing
ACT 761 Finance Act 2014 See s 3 for the Income Tax Act; s 33 for the Stamp Act; s 36 for the Petroleum (Income Tax) Act; s 44 for the Real Property Gains Tax Act and s 50 for the Labuan Business Activity Tax Act -Nil-
ACT 760 Fees (Department Of Museums Malaysia)
(Validation) Act 2014
1 January 1991 to 11 June 2012 -Nil-
ACT 759 Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 30 June 2013 [PU(B) 277/2013] - except para(s) 1 to 10 of Schedule 9 and para(s) 13 to 19 of Schedule 9 -Nil-
ACT 758 Financial Services Act 2013 30 June 2013 [PU(B) 276/2013] - except s 129 and Schedule 9 -Nil-
ACT 757 Strata Management Act 2013 Not Yet In Force -Nil-

Amending Acts

Number Title Date coming into force Principal/Amending Act No
ACT A1458 Supply Act 2014 1 January 2014
ACT A1456 Legal Profession (Amendment) Act 2013 Not Yet In Force ACT 166
ACT A1455 Legal Profession (Amendment) Act 2012 (Amendment) Act 2013 Not Yet In Force ACT A1444
ACT A1454 Supplementary Supply (2013) Act 2013 2 November 2013
ACT A1453 Supplementary Supply (2012) Act 2013 7 September 2013

PU(A)

Number Title Date of Publication Date coming into force Principal/Amending Act No
PU(A) 33/2014 Price Control And Anti-Profiteering (Price Marking Of Price-Controlled Goods) Order 2014 24 January 2014 26 January 2014 to 9 February 2014 ACT 723
PU(A) 32/2014 Price Control And Anti-Profiteering (Determination Of Maximum Price) Order 2014 24 January 2014 26 January 2014 to 9 February 2014 ACT 723
PU(A) 31/2014 Control Of Supplies (Controlled Articles) Order 2014 24 January 2014 25 January 2014 ACT 122
PU(A) 30/2014 Federal Roads (Private Management) (Collection Of Tolls) (Juru-Jalan Duta-Bukit Raja Expressway, North South Expressway Central Link And Kuala Lumpur-Johore Bahru Expressway) (Amendment) (No. 2) Order 2014 24 January 2014 25 January 2014 PU(A) 171/2002
PU(A) 29/2014 Proclamation - Summon The Parliament 24 January 2014 25 January 2014 ACT 000

PU(B)

Number Title Date of Publication Date coming into force Principal/Amending Act No
PU(B) 38/2014 Declaration Of Standard Specifications 29 January 2014 30 January 2014 ACT 549
PU(B) 37/2014 Notice Of Initiation Of Administrative Review Of The Anti-Dumping Duty On Imports Of Newsprint In Rolls Originating In Or Exported From Canada, The Republic Of Indonesia, The Republic Of Korea, The Republic Of Philippines And The United States Of America 29 January 2014 30 January 2014 PU(B) 377/2013; ACT 504
PU(B) 36/2014 Appointment Of Deputy Public Prosecutor 29 January 2014 20 November 2013 ACT 593
PU(B) 35/2014 Declaration Of Standard Specifications (Revised Specification) 29 January 2014 30 January 2014 ACT 549
PU(B) 34/2014 Special Direction Of The Minister 27 January 2014 28 January 2014 ACT 621
[2014] 1 LNS(A) iii MALAYSIA

OPENING OF THE LEGAL YEAR 2014*

by

THE RT. HON. TUN ARIFIN BIN ZAKARIA**


Table of Contents

SALUTATIONS

A. INTRODUCTION

B. COURTS PERFORMANCE 2013

(i) Federal Court

(ii) Court of Appeal

(iii) The High Courts

(a) Dedicated Courts

(b) NCC & NCvC Courts

(c) Construction Court

(iv) The Subordinate Courts

Dedicated Courts - in the Subordinate Courts

(a) Corruption Court

(b) Environmental Court

C. AMENDMENT TO THE SUBORDINATE COURTS ACT 1948

D. JUDICIAL TRANSFORMATION PROGRAMMES

(i) Alternative Dispute Resolution

(ii) Empowering Judges And Judicial Officers Through

Capacity Building

E. TRANSPARENCY IN THE JUDICIAL PROCESS

F. FORUM

G. CONCLUSION


. . .

* 11 JANUARY 2014, DEWAN SRI SIANTAN, PERBADANAN PUTRAJAYA

** CHIEF JUSTICE OF MALAYSIA


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[2014] 1 LNS(A) iv INDONESIA

THE FUTURE OF THE MANDATORY DEATH PENALTY IN MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE:

“ASIAN VALUES” AND ABOLITION IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE, WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR INDONESIA*

by

ANDREW NOVAK**


Although Malaysia and Singapore have been stark holdouts to the Commonwealth- wide trend away from the mandatory death penalty toward discretionary capital sentencing, recent legislative reforms in Singapore and a softening of public opinion in Malaysia have brought these countries closer to conformity with the emerging consensus that not all murders or drug trafficking offenses are equally heinous and deserving of death. This shift is all the more remarkable because both countries have strong state-centered constitutional systems with powerful executives and weak fundamental rights protections, justified by communitarian values and wary of outsiders, especially transnational drug and organized crime syndicates. The move away from mandatory capital punishment in Malaysia and Singapore will sharply reduce the size of death row and the number of executions, which will in turn contribute to intraregional pressure to abolish the death penalty as Southeast Asian nations, including Indonesia, are politically sensitive to the treatment of their nationals imprisoned or on death row in foreign countries.

Keywords: Death Penalty, Comparative Constitutional Law, Mandatory Sentencing, Malaysia, Singapore, Human Rights, Capital Punishment, Abolition, Cultural Relativism, Communitarianism.

I. INTRODUCTION

The common law mandatory death penalty is on the rapid retreat worldwide, based on an emerging consensus that not all capital crimes are equally heinous and deserving of death and that sentences should be tailored to the individual circumstances of the offense. Human rights litigation in the Caribbean, East Africa, and South Asia have succeeded in holding the mandatory nature of the death penalty unconstitutional as it could be disproportionately harsh for an offense — and consequently cruel, inhuman, and degrading punishment.[1] Decisions such as those of the United States Supreme Court in Woodson v. North Carolina or the Supreme Court of India in Mithu v. State of Punjab, both of which invalidated the mandatory death penalty, have become part of a global body of jurisprudence from which other courts in the English-speaking world have cited, followed, and distinguished in a sharing process that is helping to instill international human rights norms in domestic criminal justice systems.[2]


. . .

* Published with kind permission of The Institute for Migrant Rights, Indonesia.

** American University, Washington College of Law George Mason University. E-mail: anovak@wcl.american.edu


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