CLJ Bulletin, Issue 2010, Vol 09
26 February 2010
CLJ Law MALAYSIA
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COURT
FEDERAL COURT
Chung Tain Kong v. PP
(Penal Code - Section 302 - Murder) [2010] 2 CLJ 397
Yeap Boon Hai v. PP
(Criminal Procedure - Defence - Explanation by accused - Accused charged with murder) [2010] 2 CLJ 405
COURT OF APPEAL
Cairn Energy India Pty Ltd & Anor v. The Government Of India
(Arbitration - Award - Setting aside - Finality of arbitrator's award and jurisdiction of High Court to review) [2010] 2 CLJ 420
Razshah Enterprise Sdn Bhd v. Arab Malaysian Finance Bhd
(Guarantee - Guarantor - Guarantor's rights against creditor) [2010] 2 CLJ 457
See Kok Kol v. Chong Kui Seng & Ors And Another Appeal
(Civil Procedure - Subpoena - Setting aside - Subpoena Ad Testificandum) [2010] 2 CLJ 481
HIGH COURT
Cashflow Horizon Sdn Bhd v. Subramaniam Paidathally & Anor
(Professions - Tax Agents - Claim for professional services as a tax agent) [2010] 2 CLJ 487
Malayan Banking Bhd v. Neway Development Sdn Bhd & Ors
(Agreement - Term loan facility - Illegality) [2010] 2 CLJ 501
Zainuddin Mahmud v. PP
(Penal Code - Section 506 - Criminal intimidation) [2010] 2 CLJ 512
SUBJECT INDEX
ARBITRATION
Award - Setting aside - Finality of arbitrator's award and jurisdiction of High Court to review - Decision of arbitrator on specific question of law referred, whether curial interference possible - Question of construction, whether a question of law - Whether question of law became material to arbitrator's decision in the dispute - Whether there was error of law on face of award - Whether erroneous legal proposition or illegality formed basis of award - Whether wrong for High Court to exercise appellate powers
Cairn Energy India Pty Ltd & Anor v. The Government Of India
(Suriyadi Halim Omar, Hasan Lah & Jeffrey Tan JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 420 [CA]
CIVIL PROCEDURE
Jurisdiction - High Court - Review of arbitrator's award - Remedies available - Arbitration Act 1952 - Common law - Error of law on face of award - Whether court has appellate jurisdiction - Whether curial interference possible
Cairn Energy India Pty Ltd & Anor v. The Government Of India
(Suriyadi Halim Omar, Hasan Lah & Jeffrey Tan JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 420 [CA]
Striking out - Counterclaim - Delay - What constitutes inordinate delay - When does time start to run - Rules of the High Court 1980, O. 18 r. 19
Razshah Enterprise Sdn Bhd v. Arab Malaysian Finance Bhd
(Tengku Baharudin Shah, Low Hop Bing & Abdul Malik Ishak JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 457 [CA]
Striking out - Counterclaim - Grounds - Whether striking out application must specify applicable limb of O. 18 r. 19 - Whether failure to specify is fatal - Rules of the High Court 1980, O. 18 r. 19
Razshah Enterprise Sdn Bhd v. Arab Malaysian Finance Bhd
(Tengku Baharudin Shah, Low Hop Bing & Abdul Malik Ishak JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 457 [CA]
Subpoena - Setting aside - Subpoena Ad Testificandum - Appeals against decision allowing applications to set aside writs of subpoenas - Witnesses - Purpose of procuring documents - Whether documents sought privileged documents protected under Official Secrets Act 1972 - Whether there was merit in appeals - Whether appeals dismissed
See Kok Kol v. Chong Kui Seng & Ors And Another Appeal
(Low Hop Bing, Heliliah Mohd Yusof & Sulong Matjeraie JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 481 [CA]
CONTRACT
Agreement - Term loan facility - Illegality - Whether an illegal agreement by virtue of s. 17(1) Sabah Land Ordinance - Object of transaction - Whether unlawful - Whether void by virtue of s. 24(a) and (b) Contracts Act 1950
Malayan Banking Bhd v. Neway Development Sdn Bhd & Ors
(Abdul Rahman Sebli JC) [2010] 2 CLJ 501 [HC]
Agreement between principal and tax agent - Breach - Claim for monthly retainer as a tax agent - Failure by agent to discharge agreed duties - Total failure of consideration - Failure to submit tax returns - Failure to finalize accounts - Claim for monthly retainer disallowed
Cashflow Horizon Sdn Bhd v. Subramaniam Paidathally & Anor
(Anantham Kasinather JC) [2010] 2 CLJ 487 [HC]
Guarantee - Guarantor - Guarantor's rights against creditor - Whether guarantor has locus standi to bring counterclaim against creditor - Contracts Act 1950, s. 79
Razshah Enterprise Sdn Bhd v. Arab Malaysian Finance Bhd
(Tengku Baharudin Shah, Low Hop Bing & Abdul Malik Ishak JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 457 [CA]
Privity of contract - Whether universally accepted -Whether applies to Malaysian contract law - Contracts Act 1950
Razshah Enterprise Sdn Bhd v. Arab Malaysian Finance Bhd
(Tengku Baharudin Shah, Low Hop Bing & Abdul Malik Ishak JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 457 [CA]
CRIMINAL LAW
Penal Code - Section 302 - Causing death of deceased - Whether accused committed murder - Family members killed in shophouse fire started by accused - Time and manner in which fire was started was so imminently dangerous to human life and in all probability would cause death - Death approximated to a practical certainty - Whether prima facie case for murder proven within the definition of murder under s. 300 of the Penal Code.
Yeap Boon Hai v. PP
(Arifin Zakaria CJ (Malaya), Mohd Ghazali Yusof & James Foong FCJJ) [2010] 2 CLJ 405 [FC]
Penal Code - Section 506 - Criminal intimidation - Threatening to stab victim with knife - Whether possessed necessary intent to cause alarm - Prima facie case - Whether established - Whether defense cast reasonable doubt on prosecution case - Penal Code, s. 503
Zainuddin Mahmud v. PP
(Zamani Rahim JC) [2010] 2 CLJ 512 [HC]
Penal Code - Section 302 - Murder - Appeal against conviction and sentence - Whether appellant acted in self defence - Whether stabbing to death of deceased justifiable - Whether appellant's action covered by provisions of s. 100(a) or (b) of the Penal Code
Chung Tain Kong v. PP
(Zaki Tun Azmi CJ, Alauddin Mohd Sheriff PCA & Hashim Yusoff FCJ) [2010] 2 CLJ 397 [FC]
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Defence - Explanation by accused - Accused charged with murder - Family members killed in shophouse fire started by accused - Whether defence that fire was caused by a third party was probable - Existence of third party never mentioned to investigating officer and never raised in cross-examination of prosecution's witnesses but raised for first time during defence case - Whether defence can succeed
Yeap Boon Hai v. PP
(Arifin Zakaria CJ (Malaya), Mohd Ghazali Yusof & James Foong FCJJ) [2010] 2 CLJ 405 [FC]
PROFESSIONS
Tax Agents - Claim for professional services as a tax agent - Monthly retainer - Whether agent had discharged agreed duties - Whether there was total failure of consideration - Failure to submit tax returns - Failure to finalize accounts - Claim for monthly retainer disallowed
Cashflow Horizon Sdn Bhd v. Subramaniam Paidathally & Anor
(Anantham Kasinather JC) [2010] 2 CLJ 487 [HC]
TORT
Damages - Deceit - Principles for awarding damages for deceit - Exemplary damages - Indemnity - Restitution
Cashflow Horizon Sdn Bhd v. Subramaniam Paidathally & Anor
(Anantham Kasinather JC) [2010] 2 CLJ 487 [HC]
Deceit - Fraudulent misrepresentation - Liability - Tax agent making fraudulent representation to client regarding estimated amount of tax due - Client induced by fraudulent misrepresentations into parting with monies for payment for taxes - Payments misappropriated by tax agent - Whether fraudulent misrepresentation established - Principles for awarding damages for deceit
Cashflow Horizon Sdn Bhd v. Subramaniam Paidathally & Anor
(Anantham Kasinather JC) [2010] 2 CLJ 487 [HC]
COURT
FEDERAL COURT
Dynamic Plantations Bhd v. YB Menteri Sumber Manusia & Anor
(Industrial dispute - Recognition of trade union) [2010] 2 CLJ 525
COURT OF APPEAL
Westform Far East Sdn Bhd v. Connaught Heights Sdn Bhd
(Injunction to restrain winding-up petition) [2010] 2 CLJ 541
Yeo Liong Ho v. Loh Choon Hooi
(Agreement for sale of property subject to vendor obtaining state consent) [2010] 2 CLJ 580
Yew Kim Tan v. Mallika i/k S Subramaniam & Anor
(Sale and purchase of property - Terms of agreement) [2010] 2 CLJ 606
HIGH COURT
PP lwn. Amasifuen Tello Reyes
(Mengedar 714 gram kokain - Bukti) [2010] 2 CLJ 613
PP v. Fabian Anuar Mail
(Corrupt acceptance of gratification - Essential ingredient of charges, whether proven) [2010] 2 CLJ 634
Tan Joon Kiang v. Am Finance Bhd
(Whether litigant owes duty of care to adversary in conduct of litigation proceedings) [2010] 2 CLJ 641
Tan Yoke Kwee & Ors v. Sistem Lingkaran Lebuhraya Sdn Bhd & Ors
(Acquisition of land - Compensation) [2010] 2 CLJ 653
SUBJECT INDEX
CIVIL PROCEDURE
Appeal - Appeal against exercise of judicial discretion in interlocutory matter - Grant of ex parte injunction - Function of appeal court - Whether trial judge had committed error of law or misconceived facts
Westform Far East Sdn Bhd v. Connaught Heights Sdn Bhd
(Suriyadi Halim Omar, Hishamudin Mohd Yunus & Azhar Ma'ah JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 541 [CA]
Injunction - Ex parte interim injunction - Whether mandatory to give notice to other party - Supporting affidavit - Requirements of statement in supporting affidavit - Rules of the High Court 1980, O. 29 r. 1(2) & (2A)
Westform Far East Sdn Bhd v. Connaught Heights Sdn Bhd
(Suriyadi Halim Omar, Hishamudin Mohd Yunus & Azhar Ma'ah JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 541 [CA]
Injunction - Injunction to restrain winding-up petition - Abuse of process of court - What constitutes abuse - Test to be applied - Rules of the High Court 1980
Westform Far East Sdn Bhd v. Connaught Heights Sdn Bhd
(Suriyadi Halim Omar, Hishamudin Mohd Yunus & Azhar Ma'ah JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 541 [CA]
Originating summons - Whether application can be made by originating summons - Procedure to be followed - Land Acquisition Act 1960, ss. 36, 37, 38
Tan Yoke Kwee & Ors v. Sistem Lingkaran Lebuhraya Sdn Bhd & Ors
(Zaleha Zahari J) [2010] 2 CLJ 653 [HC]
Striking out - Application for - Originating summons - Whether plain and obvious case warranting exercise of court's power of striking out
Tan Yoke Kwee & Ors v. Sistem Lingkaran Lebuhraya Sdn Bhd & Ors
(Zaleha Zahari J) [2010] 2 CLJ 653 [HC]
COMPANY LAW
Winding up - Application to injunct presentation of winding-up petition - Dispute regarding debt - Whether winding-up application an abuse of process - What constitutes abuse - Test to be applied - Companies Act 1965, s. 218
Westform Far East Sdn Bhd v. Connaught Heights Sdn Bhd
(Suriyadi Halim Omar, Hishamudin Mohd Yunus & Azhar Ma'ah JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 541 [CA]
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
Right to property - Acquisition and compensation - Procedure to be followed - Jurisdiction of State Authority - Land Acquisition Act 1960, ss. 36, 37, 38
Tan Yoke Kwee & Ors v. Sistem Lingkaran Lebuhraya Sdn Bhd & Ors
(Zaleha Zahari J) [2010] 2 CLJ 653 [HC]
Right to property - Compensation - Expiry of leases - Locus standi to commence proceedings - Jurisdiction of State Authority - National Land Code, ss. 46(1)(a), 47(1), (2), 48, 341
Tan Yoke Kwee & Ors v. Sistem Lingkaran Lebuhraya Sdn Bhd & Ors
(Zaleha Zahari J) [2010] 2 CLJ 653 [HC]
CONTRACT
Agreement for sale of land and building erected thereon - Sale subject to consent of state authority - Vendor failing to obtain consent within deadline - Agreement not terminated by purchaser - Whether time still of the essence for paying balance of purchase price - Whether vendor can make time of the essence again by serving notice to purchaser - Whether vendor acted bona fide - Evidential value of contemporaneous documents as against oral testimony - Equitable jurisdiction of court, whether purchaser can be excused from strict adherence as to time
Yeo Liong Ho v. Loh Choon Hooi
(Heliliah Mohd Yusof, KN Segara & Ramly Ali JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 580 [CA]
Building contract - Persatuan Arkitek Malaysia standard form contract - Clause 30.3(i) - Whether clause qualified or unequivocal - Whether monies can be withheld by developer under interim certificate - Effect of cls. 22.1, 27.4 and 30.5(ii) - Persatuan Arkitek Malaysia contract, cls. 22.1, 27.4, 30.3(i) & 30.5(ii)
Westform Far East Sdn Bhd v. Connaught Heights Sdn Bhd
(Suriyadi Halim Omar, Hishamudin Mohd Yunus & Azhar Ma'ah JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 541 [CA]
Sale and purchase of property - Sale and purchase agreement - Terms - Whether failure by defendants to submit application for State Authority's consent to transfer of property to plaintiff within time frame stipulated in agreement amounted to a breach - Whether breach fundamental in nature - Consequences of breach - Whether plaintiff entitled to terminate agreement
Yew Kim Tan v. Mallika i/k S Subramaniam & Anor
(Raus Sharif, Hasan Lah & Sulong Matjeraie JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 606 [CA]
Time - Time of the essence - Agreement for sale of property subject to vendor obtaining state consent - Inordinate delay by vendor in obtaining consent - Whether time became at large - Whether vendor can make time of the essence again by serving notice to purchaser - Principles applicable - Whether vendor breached original agreement - Whether vendor ready, willing and able to complete agreement - Equitable jurisdiction of court, whether purchaser can be excused from strict adherence as to time
Yeo Liong Ho v. Loh Choon Hooi
(Heliliah Mohd Yusof, KN Segara & Ramly Ali JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 580 [CA]
CRIMINAL LAW
Anti-Corruption Act 1997 - Section 11(a) - Corrupt acceptance of gratification - Appeal by prosecution against respondent's acquittal and discharge - Prosecution's case - Essential ingredient of charges, whether proven - Whether respondent an "agent" of Government of Malaysia when alleged offences committed - Anti-Corruption Act 1997, ss. 2, 11(a), 42(1), 47(1)
PP v. Fabian Anuar Mail
(Abdul Rahman Sebli JC) [2010] 2 CLJ 634 [HC]
EQUITY
Contract - Time of the essence - Agreement for sale of property subject to vendor obtaining state consent - Inordinate delay by vendor in obtaining consent - Whether time became at large - Whether vendor can make time of the essence again by serving notice to purchaser - Principles applicable - Whether vendor breached original agreement - Whether vendor ready, willing and able to complete agreement - Equitable jurisdiction of court, whether purchaser can be excused from strict adherence as to time
Yeo Liong Ho v. Loh Choon Hooi
(Heliliah Mohd Yusof, KN Segara & Ramly Ali JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 580 [CA]
LABOUR LAW
Industrial Court - Award - Award made by way of parties' consent - Whether rendered them final and conclusive and not open to challenge in any court - Industrial Relations Act 1967, s. 33B(1)
Dynamic Plantations Bhd v. YB Menteri Sumber Manusia & Anor
(Zaki Tun Azmi CJ, Zulkefli Makinudin & Mohd Ghazali Yusoff FCJJ) [2010] 2 CLJ 525 [FC]
Industrial Court - Reference by Minister - Reference by Minister of dispute over recognition to Industrial Court for adjudication as a trade dispute over parties' failure to conclude a collective agreement when second respondent neither sought nor obtained recognition from appellant - Whether Minister acted in excess of jurisdiction and/or committed an error of law - Industrial Relations Act 1967, ss. 2, 9, 18, 26, 33B(1)
Dynamic Plantations Bhd v. YB Menteri Sumber Manusia & Anor
(Zaki Tun Azmi CJ, Zulkefli Makinudin & Mohd Ghazali Yusoff FCJJ) [2010] 2 CLJ 525 [FC]
Industrial dispute - Recognition of trade union - Reference by Minister of dispute over recognition to Industrial Court for adjudication as a trade dispute over parties' failure to conclude a collective agreement when second respondent neither sought nor obtained recognition from appellant - Whether Minister acted in excess of jurisdiction and/or committed an error of law - Industrial Relations Act 1967, ss. 2, 9, 18, 26, 33B(1)
Dynamic Plantations Bhd v. YB Menteri Sumber Manusia & Anor
(Zaki Tun Azmi CJ, Zulkefli Makinudin & Mohd Ghazali Yusoff FCJJ) [2010] 2 CLJ 525 [FC]
Trade dispute - Definition of - Whether complaint by second respondent a trade dispute - Jurisdiction of Minister to refer matter to Industrial Court for resolution - Industrial Relations Act 1967, ss. 2, 18, 26
Dynamic Plantations Bhd v. YB Menteri Sumber Manusia & Anor
(Zaki Tun Azmi CJ, Zulkefli Makinudin & Mohd Ghazali Yusoff FCJJ) [2010] 2 CLJ 525 [FC]
Trade union - Recognition - Policy and purpose of Industrial Relations Act 1967 in respect of statutory procedure of recognition - Recognition cannot be withdrawn once given
Dynamic Plantations Bhd v. YB Menteri Sumber Manusia & Anor
(Zaki Tun Azmi CJ, Zulkefli Makinudin & Mohd Ghazali Yusoff FCJJ) [2010] 2 CLJ 525 [FC]
Trade union - Recognition - Recognition by conduct - Whether appellant by conduct recognised second respondent as a trade union of its employees - Binding collective agreement - Industrial Relations Act 1967, s. 9
Dynamic Plantations Bhd v. YB Menteri Sumber Manusia & Anor
(Zaki Tun Azmi CJ, Zulkefli Makinudin & Mohd Ghazali Yusoff FCJJ) [2010] 2 CLJ 525 [FC]
LAND LAW
Acquisition of land - Compensation - Expiry of leases - Locus standi to commence proceedings - Jurisdiction of State Authority - National Land Code, ss. 46(1)(a), 47(1), (2), 48, 341
Tan Yoke Kwee & Ors v. Sistem Lingkaran Lebuhraya Sdn Bhd & Ors
(Zaleha Zahari J) [2010] 2 CLJ 653 [HC]
Acquisition of land - Compulsory acquisition - Compensation - Procedure to be followed - Jurisdiction of State Authority - Land Acquisition Act 1960, ss. 36, 37, 38
Tan Yoke Kwee & Ors v. Sistem Lingkaran Lebuhraya Sdn Bhd & Ors
(Zaleha Zahari J) [2010] 2 CLJ 653 [HC]
Sale of land - Sale and purchase of property - Terms of agreement - Whether failure by defendants to submit application for State Authority's consent to transfer of property to plaintiff within time frame stipulated in agreement amounted to a breach - Whether breach fundamental in nature - Consequences of breach - Whether plaintiff entitled to terminate agreement
Yew Kim Tan v. Mallika i/k S Subramaniam & Anor
(Raus Sharif, Hasan Lah & Sulong Matjeraie JJCA) [2010] 2 CLJ 606 [CA]
TORT
Malicious prosecution - Elements of tort - Damages - Bankruptcy proceedings - Injury to reputation - Want of reasonable or probable cause and malice
Tan Joon Kiang v. Am Finance Bhd
(Harmindar Singh JC) [2010] 2 CLJ 641 [HC]
Negligence - Duty of care - Damages - Bankruptcy proceedings - Injury to reputation - Whether litigant owes duty of care to adversary in conduct of litigation proceedings
Tan Joon Kiang v. Am Finance Bhd
(Harmindar Singh JC) [2010] 2 CLJ 641 [HC]
INDEKS PERKARA
UNDANG-UNDANG JENAYAH
Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 - Seksyen 21(6) & 39B(1)(a) - Sama ada tertuduh membawa dadah dalam transit - Tertuduh mempunyai tiket dan boarding pass untuk menyambung penerbangan ke Singapura - Tertuduh menaiki teksi hingga ke pusat bandaraya Kuala Lumpur - Sama ada tertuduh masih dalam transit
PP lwn. Amasifuen Tello Reyes
(Azman Abdullah PK) [2010] 2 CLJ 613 [HC]
Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 - Seksyen 37(da) - Anggapan mengedar 714 gram kokain - Dadah dibawa dalam perut tertuduh - Pemilikan dadah terbukti - Jumlah dadah yang besar tidak boleh dikatakan untuk kegunaan sendiri - Anggapan pengedaran
PP lwn. Amasifuen Tello Reyes
(Azman Abdullah PK) [2010] 2 CLJ 613 [HC]
Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 - Seksyen 39B(1)(a) - Mengedar 714 gram kokain - Bukti - Dadah dibawa di dalam perut tertuduh - Sama ada bukti bahawa dadah berada dalam jagaan atau kawalan fizikal tertuduh - Sama ada pemilikan dadah terbukti - Sama ada tertuduh mempunyai pengetahuan tentang dadah yang dibawanya - Pembelaan tidak menimbulkan keraguan dalam kes pendakwaan - Sama ada pendakwaan berjaya membuktikan kes prima facie
PP lwn. Amasifuen Tello Reyes
(Azman Abdullah PK) [2010] 2 CLJ 613 [HC]
CASE OF THE WEEK
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: Constitution - Perak - Refusal of Menteri Besar of Perak to tender resignation of Executive Council after his request for dissolution of State Legislative Assembly was rejected by His Royal Highness the Sultan of Perak - Issue of confidence in the Menteri Besar, determination of - Interpretation of art. XVI(6) Laws of the Constitution of Perak - Whether Menteri Besar's refusal to resign contravened express provisions of art. XVI(6) - Whether Menteri Besar and Executive Council members deemed to have vacated their respective offices
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: Executive - Dismissal of Menteri Besar - Refusal of Menteri Besar of Perak to tender resignation of Executive Council after his request for dissolution of State Legislative Assembly was rejected by His Royal Highness the Sultan of Perak - Issue of confidence in the Menteri Besar, determination of - Interpretation of art. XVI(6) Laws of the Constitution of Perak - Whether Menteri Besar's refusal to resign contravened express provisions of art. XVI(6) - Whether Menteri Besar and Executive Council members deemed to have vacated their respective offices
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: Legislature - State Assembly - Refusal of Menteri Besar of Perak to tender resignation of Executive Council after his request for dissolution of State Legislative Assembly was rejected by His Royal Highness the Sultan of Perak - Issue of confidence in the Menteri Besar, determination of - Interpretation of art. XVI(6) Laws of the Constitution of Perak - Whether Menteri Besar's refusal to resign contravened express provisions of art. XVI(6) - Whether Menteri Besar and Executive Council members deemed to have vacated their respective offices
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: Suit involving government or ruler - Menteri Besar and Yang di-Pertua Negeri - Refusal of Menteri Besar of Perak to tender resignation of Executive Council after his request for dissolution of State Legislative Assembly was rejected by His Royal Highness the Sultan of Perak - Issue of confidence in the Menteri Besar, determination of - Interpretation of art. XVI(6) Laws of the Constitution of Perak - Whether Menteri Besar's refusal to resign contravened express provisions of art. XVI(6) - Whether Menteri Besar and Executive Council members deemed to have vacated their respective offices
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: Preservation of rights and powers of Sultan - Prerogative powers - Dissolution of State Legislative Assembly - Whether at absolute discretion of Sultan - Laws of the Constitution of Perak, art. XVIII(2)(6)
STATUTORY INTERPRETATION: Constitution - Laws of the Constitution of Perak, art. XVI(6) - Literal interpretation - Whether mandatory effect should be given to the word "shall" contained therein
WORDS & PHRASES: "shall" - Laws of the Constitution of Perak, art. XVI(6) - Literal interpretation - Mandatory effect
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