GNANASEKARAN KRISHNASAMY v. SURUHANJAYA PERKHIDMATAN AWAM, MALAYSIA & ORS
FEDERAL COURT, PUTRAJAYA
RICHARD MALANJUM CJ (SABAH & SARAWAK), HASHIM YUSOFF FCJ, JAMES FOONG FCJ
[CIVIL APPEAL NO: 01(F)-4-2009(W)]
26 APRIL 2010

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: Rules of natural justice - Dismissal - Whether there is a right to mitigate before the imposition of punishment for disciplinary offence under the General Order - Appellant asserting that decision in Lembaga Tatatertib Perkhidmatan Awam Hospital Besar Pulau Pinang & Anor v. Utra Badi K Perumal should not be sustained for failure to comply with rules of natural justice and against logic - Whether appellant's assertion justified - Appellant admitted to disciplinary offence and sought forgiveness - Appellant made his plea of mitigation - Whether Federal Court was right in its conclusion in Utra Badi case - Whether decision in Utra Badi should be reviewed

Legal Network Series

[2009] 1 LNS 1461	UNICO HOLDINGS BERHAD v. LEE SACK CHOON & ORS	COMPANIES AND CORPORATIONS: Resolutions - Certain resolutions proposed by defendant - Plaintiff without deciding whether to accept or reject resolution to be tabled, sought court’s determination on issue - Whether plaintiff satisfied threshold requirement for a  declaratory order - Whether plaintiff hiding behind concept of sub-judice to evade debate on resolutions at AGM - Whether such conduct was mala fide and against good corporate governance - Whether plaintiff’s conduct of filing suit to circumvent any debate an abuse of process
[2009] 1 LNS 1473	NAMGAYEE ALAGAN & ANOR v. RAJA KUMAR ANDY & ANOR	LAND LAW: Transfer - Fraud - Property transferred by 1st plaintiff to 2nd plaintiff and then to 1st defendant - Property twice charged to 2nd defendant for loan taken by 1st defendant - Whether both transfers of property procured by 1st defendant by means of fraud or misrepresentation - Whether transfer to 2nd plaintiff and 1st defendant done by misrepresentation and/or fraud or upon undue influence by 1st defendant and therefore void - Whether 2nd defendant an innocent party with no knowledge of events that transpired TRUSTS AND TRUSTEES: Trust property - Transfer of - Deceased transferring property to his wife, 1st plaintiff - Property then transferred by 1st plaintiff to 2nd plaintiff - Whether 1st plaintiff held property on trust for herself and her seven children - 2nd plaintiff transferring property to 1st defendant - Whether 1st defendant held property on trust for himself and 1st plaintiff and the other six children
[2009] 1 LNS 1481	PD RESORT SDN BHD v. TENGKU ADLAN TENGKU ZAINAL RASHID	ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: Judicial review - Certiorari - Application for - Claim for constructive dismissal - Compensation awarded to respondent in lieu of reinstatement - Misconstruction of law and irrelevant matters taken into consideration - Chairman's finding that commission incentive proposal formed a term of employment and respondent's consent required for changes to be implemented - Whether an erroneous decision - Finding on unpleaded case - Whether Chairman erred when basing decision on an unpleaded matter - Acting in excess of jurisdiction - Payment of commission for 24 months ordered, tantamount to payment of double commission - Whether a misdirection - Whether Industrial Court award should be quashed
[2011] 1 LNS 167	DATO ANNAS KHATIB JAAFAR v. DATUK MANJA ISMAIL & ORS	TORT: Defamation - Libel - Newspaper article - No direct reference to plaintiff - Complaint against management of Lembaga Kemajuan Ikan Malaysia of which plaintiff was Director General - Whether plaintiff had proved impugned article was defamatory - Whether impugned article defamatory of plaintiff - Whether plaintiff’s action for defamation against 1st, 2nd & 3rd defendants sustainable TORT: Defamation - Libel - Defence of qualified privilege - Responsible journalism - Balance of plaintiff's right to protection of his reputation with freedom of expression and role of the media in modern society - Test of responsible journalism
[2011] 1 LNS 177	MINSIN MACHINERY CORPORATION SDN BHD v. APPERMIT SDN BHD	CONTRACT: Specific performance - Sale and purchase of property - Plaintiff entitled to vacant possession of property upon payment of deposit - Whether defendant required to deliver vacant possession after expiry of 6-month period beginning from 14 January 2005 - Defendant taking position that deposit of purchase price fully paid on 26 April 2005 - Whether vacant possession of property should have been delivered to plaintiff on 25 October 2005 - Whether plaintiff entitled to be paid double rental until vacant possession of property delivered CONTRACT: Breach - Sale of property - Balance of purchase price payable in form of 23 Motor Vehicles - Delay by plaintiff in delivery of motor vehicles - Deterioration of condition and value of motor vehicles - Whether plaintiff failed to pay balance of purchase price within Completion or Extended Completion Period - Whether plaintiff breached terms of sale and purchase agreement (SPA) CONTRACT: Implied terms - SPA did not address situation where plaintiff had refused or withheld delivery causing loss to defendant - 10 terms set out in Statement of Defence - Vehicles to be with good titles and free from encumbrances, state and condition at delivery and defendant's right to quiet enjoyment - Whether 10 implied terms should be implied into SPA

CLJ 2012 Volume 2 (Part 6)

COURT

FEDERAL COURT

Dato' Abu Hasan Sarif v. Dato' Dr Abd Isa Ismail
Zulkefli Makinudin CJ (Malaya), Hashim Yusoff, Ahmad Maarop FCJJ
(Constitutional Law; Jurisdiction - Federal Court - Whether having inherent power to review its own decision as well as decisions of Court of Appeal - Rules of the Federal Court 1995, r. 137) [2012] 2 CLJ 649 [FC]

Gurbachan Singh Bagawan Singh & Anor v. Vellasamy Pennusamy & Ors And Other Applications
Raus Sharif PCA, Ahmad Maarop, Hasan Lah FCJJ
(Courts; Jurisdiction - Federal Court - Panel, constitution of - Chairman of panel momentarily left panel - Applications heard by two members of panel - Whether constituting a corum failure) [2012] 2 CLJ 663 [FC]

Panflex Sdn Bhd v. Amalan Tepat Sdn Bhd
Hashim Yusoff, Mohd Ghazali Yusoff, Ahmad Maarop FCJJ
(Jurisdiction - Federal Court - Inherent powers - Power to review own decision - Rehearing decisions of Federal Court - Whether an abuse of process - Rule 137, Rules of the Federal Court 1995) [2012] 2 CLJ 687 [FC]

COURT OF APPEAL

Vellasamy Pennusamy & Ors v. Gurbachan Singh Bagawan Singh & Ors
Zainun Ali, Abdul Malik Ishak, Abu Samah Nordin JJCA
(Civil Procedure; Company Law; Land Law; Legal Profession; Trusts - Representative action - Third company formed by solicitor allegedly to defraud clients - Whether accountable - Constructive trust) [2012] 2 CLJ 712 [CA]

SUBJECT INDEX

CIVIL PROCEDURE

Action - Representative action - Identification of parties - Exact identity of persons represented - Whether not imperative - Persons represented entitled to varying relief - Whether inconsequential
Vellasamy Pennusamy & Ors v. Gurbachan Singh Bagawan Singh & Ors
(Zainun Ali, Abdul Malik Ishak, Abu Samah Nordin JJCA) [2012] 2 CLJ 712 [CA]

COMPANY LAW

Lifting of corporate veil - Separate legal entity - Sale of land - Solicitor and clients - Vendor company transferring land to third company - Third company formed by solicitor allegedly to defraud clients - Whether veil of companies to be pierced
Vellasamy Pennusamy & Ors v. Gurbachan Singh Bagawan Singh & Ors
(Zainun Ali, Abdul Malik Ishak, Abu Samah Nordin JJCA) [2012] 2 CLJ 712 [CA]

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

Courts - Court of Appeal - Power to order stay of own decision - Court of Appeal ordering stay of own decision in respect of declaratory relief - Whether a misdirection in law - Whether causing injustice - Whether decision to stay could be reviewed by Federal Court - Rules of the Federal Court 1995, r. 137
Dato' Abu Hasan Sarif v. Dato' Dr Abd Isa Ismail
(Zulkefli Makinudin CJ (Malaya), Hashim Yusoff, Ahmad Maarop FCJJ) [2012] 2 CLJ 649 [FC]

Courts - Federal Court - Jurisdiction to review - Whether having inherent power to review its own decision as well as decisions of Court of Appeal - Whether equipped with power to uphold fair administration of justice and to prevent injustice and/or abuse of process - Rules of the Federal Court 1995, r. 137
Dato' Abu Hasan Sarif v. Dato' Dr Abd Isa Ismail
(Zulkefli Makinudin CJ (Malaya), Hashim Yusoff, Ahmad Maarop FCJJ) [2012] 2 CLJ 649 [FC]

COURTS

Federal Court - Panel, constitution of - Whether duty bound to sit with a minimum of three judges - Chairman of panel momentarily left panel - Proceeding continued by two remaining members - Effect of - Whether there was no duly constituted court in law - Whether constituting a corum failure - Courts of Judicature Act 1964, s. 74
Gurbachan Singh Bagawan Singh & Anor v. Vellasamy Pennusamy & Ors And Other Applications
(Raus Sharif PCA, Ahmad Maarop, Hasan Lah FCJJ) [2012] 2 CLJ 663 [FC]

JURISDICTION

Federal Court - Inherent powers - Power to review own decision - Whether having power to review its own decision as well as decisions of Court of Appeal - Rules of the Federal Court 1995, r. 137
Dato' Abu Hasan Sarif v. Dato' Dr Abd Isa Ismail
(Zulkefli Makinudin CJ (Malaya), Hashim Yusoff, Ahmad Maarop FCJJ) [2012] 2 CLJ 649 [FC]

Federal Court - Inherent powers - Power to review own decision - Applications for leave to appeal - Applications heard by two members of panel, albeit momentarily - Whether there was no duly constituted court in law - Whether there was a corum failure - Whether decision liable to be reviewed - Rules of the Federal Court 1995, r. 137 - Courts of Judicature Act 1964, s. 74
Gurbachan Singh Bagawan Singh & Anor v. Vellasamy Pennusamy & Ors And Other Applications
(Raus Sharif PCA, Ahmad Maarop, Hasan Lah FCJJ) [2012] 2 CLJ 663 [FC]

Federal Court - Inherent powers - Power to review own decision - Whether power could only be conferred by statute - Whether no such power conferred by Federal Constitution or Courts of Judicature Act 1964 - Application for Federal Court to review own decision - Whether an abuse of process - Rule 137, Rules of the Federal Court 1995 - Whether not a source of jurisdiction - Rehearing decisions of Federal Court - Whether prejudicial to public policy - Federal Constitution, arts. 121, 128, 139 & 160 - Courts of Judicature Act 1964, ss. 16, 17 & 96 - Interpretation Acts 1948 and 1967, s. 3
Panflex Sdn Bhd v. Amalan Tepat Sdn Bhd
(Hashim Yusoff, Mohd Ghazali Yusoff, Ahmad Maarop FCJJ) [2012] 2 CLJ 687 [FC]

LAND LAW

Sale of land - Beneficial and legal ownership - Sub-purchasers of land - Failure by vendor to transfer land to sub-purchasers - Whether sub-purchasers retained beneficial ownership of land - Whether sale thereof has been perfected
Vellasamy Pennusamy & Ors v. Gurbachan Singh Bagawan Singh & Ors
(Zainun Ali, Abdul Malik Ishak, Abu Samah Nordin JJCA) [2012] 2 CLJ 712 [CA]

LEGAL PROFESSION

Conflict of interest - Liability as fiduciary - Solicitor and clients - Purchase of land - Solicitor forming company allegedly to defraud clients - Whether owing fiduciary obligations to clients - Whether accountable to clients for gains and benefits arising from transactions
Vellasamy Pennusamy & Ors v. Gurbachan Singh Bagawan Singh & Ors
(Zainun Ali, Abdul Malik Ishak, Abu Samah Nordin JJCA) [2012] 2 CLJ 712 [CA]

TRUSTS

Constructive trust - Solicitor and clients - Purchase of land - Solicitor forming company allegedly to defraud clients - Whether there was conflict of interest - Whether acting as fiduciary and trustee of clients - Whether constructive trust established
Vellasamy Pennusamy & Ors v. Gurbachan Singh Bagawan Singh & Ors
(Zainun Ali, Abdul Malik Ishak, Abu Samah Nordin JJCA) [2012] 2 CLJ 712 [CA]

CLJ 2012 Volume 2 (Part 7)

COURT

FEDERAL COURT

Tan Sri Dato' (Dr) Rozali Ismail & Ors v. Lim Pang Cheong & Ors
Arifin Zakaria CJ, Raus Sharif PCA, Ahmad Maarop FCJ
(Civil Procedure - Contempt of court - Application to set aside leave - Motion for committal - Whether to be struck out) [2012] 2 CLJ 849 [FC]

Khairul Idzham Khairuddin lwn. PP
Ahmad Maarop, Clement Skinner, Azahar Mohamed HHMR
(Undang-undang Jenayah - Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 - Seksyen 37(da) - Mengedar dadah berbahaya - Rayuan terhadap sabitan dan hukuman mati) [2012] 2 CLJ 868 [CA]

Soh Chun Seng v. CTOS-EMR Sdn Bhd
Tengku Baharudin Shah, Mohamed Apandi Ali, Zaharah Ibrahim JJCA
(Tort - Defamation - Libel - Publication of credit-check report - Damages) [2012] 2 CLJ 886 [CA]

Kuang Pei San Food Products Public Company Ltd v. Wees Marketing Co Sdn Bhd
Rhodzariah Bujang JC
(Trade Marks; Copyright - Infringement of - Likelihood of deception or confusion - Similarity in get-up - Passing off - Goodwill - Damages) [2012] 2 CLJ 906 [HC]

Mathew Vergis & Anor v. HSBC Bank Malaysia Bhd
Lau Bee Lan J
(Tort; Banking; Word And Phrases - Dishonoured cheque - Cheques returned unpaid with phrase "Refer to the Drawer" - Whether libelous) [2012] 2 CLJ 922 [HC]

Phua Lee Hui lwn. Kee Po King & Satu Lagi
Ahmadi Asnawi H
(Undang-undang Tanah; Had Masa - Ketaksangkalan hakmilik - Pindahmilik tanah - Fraud) [2012] 2 CLJ 941 [HC]

Teoh Hock Soon v. Chan Peng Yee
Yeoh Wee Siam J
(Family Law; Statutory Interpretation - Children - Custody - Illegitimate children - Applicable law) [2012] 2 CLJ 960 [HC]

SUBJECT INDEX

BANKING

Cheques - Dishonoured cheque - Cheques returned unpaid with phrase "Refer to the Drawer" despite sufficient funds in drawer's account - Whether libelous - Whether capable of defamatory meaning
Mathew Vergis & Anor v. HSBC Bank Malaysia Bhd
(Lau Bee Lan J) [2012] 2 CLJ 922 [HC]

CIVIL PROCEDURE

Contempt of court - Application to set aside leave - Statement and verifying affidavit in support of application for leave to commence committal proceedings - Whether complied with O. 52 r. 2(2) Rules of the High Court 1980 - Irregularities - Whether merely technical in nature - Whether did not cause any prejudice or injustice
Tan Sri Dato' (Dr) Rozali Ismail & Ors v. Lim Pang Cheong & Ors
(Arifin Zakaria CJ, Raus Sharif PCA, Ahmad Maarop FCJ) [2012] 2 CLJ 849 [FC]

Contempt of court - Application to set aside leave - Whether statement filed by applicants for leave to commence committal proceedings vague and imprecise - Whether complaint against respondents unsustainable - Whether motion for committal to be struck out
Tan Sri Dato' (Dr) Rozali Ismail & Ors v. Lim Pang Cheong & Ors
(Arifin Zakaria CJ, Raus Sharif PCA, Ahmad Maarop FCJ) [2012] 2 CLJ 849 [FC]

COPYRIGHT

Infringement - Designs - Similarity in get-up - Plaintiff producer of canned sardines under registered trade mark of 'Smiling Fish' - Whether defendant's usage of their brand name 'Smiling Brand' deceptively similar to plaintiff's trade mark - Whether defendant could prove that its get-up was independently designed - Whether action for copyright infringement made out
Kuang Pei San Food Products Public Company Ltd v. Wees Marketing Co Sdn Bhd
(Rhodzariah Bujang JC) [2012] 2 CLJ 906 [HC]

FAMILY LAW

Children - Custody - Factors considered by court in allowing custody - Whether welfare of children given primary consideration - Whether defendant fit mother - Whether defendant's moral values were determining factors - Whether defendant had requisite parenting skills - Whether plaintiff in better position to care for children
Teoh Hock Soon v. Chan Peng Yee
(Yeoh Wee Siam J) [2012] 2 CLJ 960 [HC]

Children - Illegitimate children - Law applicable to guardianship and custody - Whether the Guardianship of Infants Act 1961 applicable to illegitimate children - Whether court bound by decision in Sean O'Casey Patterson v. Chan Hoong Poh & Ors
Teoh Hock Soon v. Chan Peng Yee
(Yeoh Wee Siam J) [2012] 2 CLJ 960 [HC]

STATUTORY INTERPRETATION

Aids to construction - Parliamentary debates - Whether Guardianship of Infants Act 1961 gave equal parental rights to parents of illegitimate child
Teoh Hock Soon v. Chan Peng Yee
(Yeoh Wee Siam J) [2012] 2 CLJ 960 [HC]

TORT

Damages - Claim for - Defamation - Libel - Whether plaintiff suffered losses - Whether publication of inaccurate credit-check report adversely affected plaintiff - Whether plaintiff suffered damages as result of libel
Soh Chun Seng v. CTOS-EMR Sdn Bhd
(Tengku Baharudin Shah, Mohamed Apandi Ali, Zaharah Ibrahim JJCA) [2012] 2 CLJ 886 [CA]

Defamation - Dishonour of cheques - Cheques returned unpaid with phrase "Refer to the Drawer" despite sufficient funds in drawer's account - Whether libelous - Whether capable of defamatory meaning
Mathew Vergis & Anor v. HSBC Bank Malaysia Bhd
(Lau Bee Lan J) [2012] 2 CLJ 922 [HC]

Defamation - Libel - Publication of credit-check report - Whether credit information factually neither true or accurate - Whether capable of bearing defamatory meaning - Whether preceding proviso absolved defendant from responsibility for its mistakes - Whether words published were defamatory
Soh Chun Seng v. CTOS-EMR Sdn Bhd
(Tengku Baharudin Shah, Mohamed Apandi Ali, Zaharah Ibrahim JJCA) [2012] 2 CLJ 886 [CA]

TRADE MARKS

Infringement of - Likelihood of deception or confusion - Similarity in get-up - Plaintiff producer of canned sardines under registered trade mark of 'Smiling Fish' - Whether defendant's usage of their brand name 'Smiling Brand' deceptively similar to plaintiff's trade mark - Factors to consider - Similarities in colour scheme and angle of deception - Trade Marks Act 1976, s. 38(1)(a)
Kuang Pei San Food Products Public Company Ltd v. Wees Marketing Co Sdn Bhd
(Rhodzariah Bujang JC) [2012] 2 CLJ 906 [HC]

Passing off - Damage - Similarity in get-up - Plaintiff producer of canned sardines under registered trade mark of 'Smiling Fish' - Whether defendant's usage of their brand name 'Smiling Brand' deceptively similar to plaintiff's trade mark - Failure to provide estimate of sales figure - Whether court could make a finding of probable damage caused to plaintiff
Kuang Pei San Food Products Public Company Ltd v. Wees Marketing Co Sdn Bhd
(Rhodzariah Bujang JC) [2012] 2 CLJ 906 [HC]

Passing off - Goodwill - Misrepresentation - Similarity in get-up - Plaintiff producer of canned sardines under registered trade mark of 'Smiling Fish' - Whether defendant's usage of their brand name 'Smiling Brand' deceptively similar to plaintiff's trade mark - Whether plaintiff's canned sardines have been in the market for long - Whether plaintiff achieved requisite level of goodwill and reputation amongst consumers of canned sardines - Failure of defendant to explain at trial on similarities between the two get-ups - Ming Kee Manufactory Limited v. Kee Hin Industries Sdn Bhd & 3 Ors
Kuang Pei San Food Products Public Company Ltd v. Wees Marketing Co Sdn Bhd
(Rhodzariah Bujang JC) [2012] 2 CLJ 906 [HC]

Registered trade mark - Action for infringement - Defence of - Delay in filing action - Trade mark registered on 22 December 2008 - Action instituted in 2009 - Knowledge of - Plaintiff aware of defendant's usage of their 'Smiling Fish' since 1989 - Accrual of right to sue - Whether plaintiff's action within limitation period - Limitation Ordinance Sarawak, Item 97
Kuang Pei San Food Products Public Company Ltd v. Wees Marketing Co Sdn Bhd
(Rhodzariah Bujang JC) [2012] 2 CLJ 906 [HC]

WORDS AND PHRASES

"Refer to the Drawer" - Euphemism meaning - Whether drawer has insufficient funds in account - Cheques returned unpaid with phrase "Refer to the Drawer" despite sufficient funds in drawer's account - Whether capable of defamatory meaning - Whether giving rise to an action in tort
Mathew Vergis & Anor v. HSBC Bank Malaysia Bhd
(Lau Bee Lan J) [2012] 2 CLJ 922 [HC]

INDEKS PERKARA

HAD MASA

Tuntutan - Tuntutan terhadap fraud - Sama ada tuntutan dibatasi oleh had masa - Sama ada tindakan difailkan dalam tempoh 12 tahun - Akta Had Masa 1953, ss. 9(1), 29
Phua Lee Hui lwn. Kee Po King & Satu Lagi
(Ahmadi Asnawi H) [2012] 2 CLJ 941 [HC]

UNDANG-UNDANG JENAYAH

Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 - Seksyen 37(da) - Rayuan terhadap sabitan dan hukuman mati bagi pengedaran dadah berbahaya 4,362 gram kanabis - Sama ada hakim bicara tersilap dalam pertimbangan akses orang lain kepada kanabis tersebut selain dari perayu - Sama ada hakim bicara tersilap dalam penerimaan masuk maklumat tentang pengetahuan perayu mengenai kanabis
Khairul Idzham Khairuddin lwn. PP
(Ahmad Maarop, Clement Skinner, Azahar Mohamed HHMR) [2012] 2 CLJ 868 [CA]

UNDANG-UNDANG TANAH

Ketaksangkalan hakmilik - Pindahmilik tanah - Fraud - Plaintif menafikan menandatangani Memorandum Pindah Milik Hartanah kepada defendan - Sama ada tandatangannya dipalsukan - Sama ada pindahmilik tanah kepada defendan diperolehi secara fraud/forged - Sama ada hakmilik defendan ke atas hartanah shall not be indefeasible - Defendan tidak memperolehi hartanah 'in good faith and for valuable consideration' - Sama ada hakmilik defendan boleh diketepikan - Kanun Tanah Negara, s. 30(2)(a), (b)
Phua Lee Hui lwn. Kee Po King & Satu Lagi
(Ahmadi Asnawi H) [2012] 2 CLJ 941 [HC]

Perjanjian - Perjanjian menjual hartanah sebagai sekuriti bagi hutang - Sama ada transaksi hartanah bukan satu outright sale and purchase transaction - Fakta-fakta dan keadaan-keadaan - Sama ada menunjukkan bahawa transaksi adalah satu transaksi sekuriti untuk pinjaman
Phua Lee Hui lwn. Kee Po King & Satu Lagi
(Ahmadi Asnawi H) [2012] 2 CLJ 941 [HC]

Legal Network Series Articles

Opening of the Legal Year 2012, Brunei Darussalam

1. THE HON. CHIEF JUSTICE'S SPEECH DURING THE OPENING OF THE LEGAL YEAR 2012^{[Read excerpt]}
    BY: DATO SERI PADUKA HJ KIFRAWI BIN DATO PADUKA HJ KIFLI [2012] 1 LNS(A) xxvi

2. THE HON. ATTORNEY GENERAL'S SPEECH DURING THE OPENING OF THE LEGAL YEAR 2012^{[Read excerpt]}
    BY: DATIN SERI PADUKA HAJAH HAYATI BINTI POKSDSP HJ MOHD SALLEH [2012] 1 LNS(A) xxvii

3. THE PRESIDENT OF THE LAW SOCIETY'S SPEECH DURING THE OPENING OF THE LEGAL YEAR 2012^{[Read excerpt]}
    BY: HJ MUHAMMAD ZAINIDI BIN HJ ABDUL HAMID [2012] 1 LNS(A) xxviii

Principal Acts

Amending Acts

PU(A)

PU(B)