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  CLJ Bulletin, Issue 2014, Vol 37
12 September 2014



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New This Week

1. Cases(s) Of The Week

a) KERAJAAN NEGERI KELANTAN v. PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD & OTHER APPEALS

2. Latest Cases

a) Legal Network Series

b) CLJ 2014 Volume 7 (Part 5)

3. Articles

a) Legal Network Series Article(s)

4. Legislation Highlights

a) Principal Acts

b) Amending Acts

c) PU(A)

d) PU(B)


CASES(S) OF THE WEEK

KERAJAAN NEGERI KELANTAN v. PETROLIAM NASIONAL BERHAD & OTHER APPEALS
FEDERAL COURT, PUTRAJAYA
ABDULL HAMID EMBONG FCJ, SURIYADI HALIM OMAR FCJ, AHMAD MAAROP FCJ, HASAN LAH FCJ, ZAINUN ALI FCJ
[CIVIL APPEALS NO: 01(i)-24-10-2012(W); 01(i)-25-10-2012; 01(i)-30-11-2012(W)]
2 JULY 2014

CONTRACT: Breach - Terms and conditions - Agreements between State Government and statutory corporation for exploitation of petroleum offshore State - Failure to pay cash consideration to State - Whether in breach of agreements - Determination of rights of parties - Determination of core issue - Whether could be resolved by interpreting agreements and relevant legislation - Whether amenable to resolution summarily by affidavit evidence and determining issues of law - Rules of the High Court 1980, O. 14A

CIVIL PROCEDURE: Summary application - Rules of the High Court 1980, O. 14A - Principles - Agreements between State Government and statutory corporation for exploitation of petroleum offshore State - Whether issues pleaded purely issues of law - Whether determinable by determining core question thereof - Whether determination of core question would determine corollary all causes of actions pleaded by plaintiff - Exercise of discretion by trial judge - Whether unflawed - Whether warranting no intervention - Petroleum Nasional Berhad v. Kerajaan Negeri Terengganu - Whether still good law

CIVIL PROCEDURE: Discovery - Discovery of documents - Breach of contract - Whether documents sought irrelevant to core issue in claim - Whether could not establish issue of liability - Whether discovery application to be delayed pending determination of issues of law - Exercise of discretion thereof - Whether justifiable - Rules of the High Court 1980, O. 14A, O. 24 r. 4

LATEST CASES

Legal Network Series

[2013] 1 LNS 49 RAHINA SHAKIR AHMAD lwn. PP PROSEDUR JENAYAH: Rayuan - Rayuan terhadap sabitan dan hukuman - Hukuman di bawah seksyen 39A(2) Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952 - Hukuman penjara 10 tahun - Sama ada hukuman yang dijatuhkan berat - Sama ada pembelaan tertuduh telah dipertimbangkan sebelum hukuman dijatuhkan
UNDANG-UNDANG JENAYAH: Niat bersama - Kawalan terhadap dadah berbahaya - Sama ada elemen niat bersama telah dibuktikan - Sama ada tertuduh-tertuduh mempunyai milikan bersama - Sama ada tertuduh-tertuduh mempunyai kawalan dan pengetahuan terhadap dadah berbahaya
PROSEDUR JENAYAH: Pendakwaan - Saksi-saksi - Percanggahan di antara saksi-saksi pendakwaan - Sama ada percanggahan di antara saksi-saksi pendakwaan telah melemahkan kes pendakwaan
[2013] 1 LNS 121 MOHANDASS VIRAN lwn. ANNURADHA TURASAMY UNDANG-UNDANG KELUARGA: Perceraian - Nafkah - Nafkah untuk anak - Sama ada bapa mempunyai tanggungjawab utama dalam menanggung nafkah untuk anak - Sama ada pempetisyen suami mampu untuk menanggung nafkah untuk anak
UNDANG-UNDANG KELUARGA: Perceraian - Pembahagian aset perkahwinan - Rumah perkahwinan - Rumah digadai kepada pihak bank - Sama ada wajar rumah perkahwinan dijual dan hasil jualan dibahagikan sama rata setelah menolak baki pinjaman bank
UNDANG-UNDANG KELUARGA: Harta perkahwinan - Sumbangan KWSP - Sama ada sumbangan KWSP adalah merupakan harta perkahwinan - Sama ada responden isteri berhak keatas sumbangan KWSP pempetisyen suami setelah perceraian
UNDANG-UNDANG KELUARGA: Anak - Penjagaan - Hak penjagaan, pemeliharaan dan kawalan anak - Anak perempuan berusia 5 tahun - Sama ada hak penjagaan, pemeliharaan dan kawalan anak harus diberi kepada responden isteri - Akses kepada anak - Sama ada pempetisyen suami harus diberi akses yang munasabah
[2013] 1 LNS 1066 PP v. ESWARAN SUSOP & OTHER APPEAL CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: Trial - Dangerous Drugs Act 1952 - Defence's case - Defence that items carried were gold and silver powder and not drugs - Whether defence of 2nd accused that he had no knowledge at all of contents in his bag or 7-Eleven plastic bag probable - Whether evidence of both accused as to their knowledge of the drugs in their respective bags negated - Whether a doubt had been raised against the prosecution's evidence as to both accused's knowledge of the drugs carried by them - Whether defence of both accused was dubious, inconsistent and an after-thought - Whether prosecution proved its case beyond reasonable doubt
EVIDENCE: Admissibility of evidence - Conduct of both accused suspicious - Whether weight should be given to this as conduct not contained in the police report - Whether this meant that such evidence did not exist or that they were fabricated - Whether evidence as to the conduct of the accused persons could be accepted even if they were not disclosed in the police report
[2014] 1 LNS 12 DATUK BANDAR KUALA LUMPUR v. CHEANG KOK YUEN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: Rates - Arrears of assessment - Sale of holding - Steps to be taken by plaintiff as the local authority in order to recover arrears - Plaintiff opted to proceed under s. 148 of the Local Government Act 1976 (LGA) when it issued Forms E, F and H but did not issue Form G - Whether ss. 148 and 149 of the LGA must be complied with first before s. 151 could be invoked - Whether plaintiff allowed to proceed further under s. 151 to apply for an Order for Sale
LOCAL GOVERNMENT: Rates - Arrears of assessment - Sale of holding - Amount of arrears small in comparison to value of defendant's holding - Whether just or reasonable to order public auction of defendant's holding, to enable plaintiff to recover arrears - Whether application for sale of defendant's holding was necessary - Whether the Court should exercise its power under O. 31 r. 1 of the Rules Of Court 2012 to order a sale of such holding
LOCAL GOVERNMENT: Rates - Arrears of assessment - Sale of holding - Whether arrears of the rate created a charge between plaintiff, as chargee, and defendant, as chargor, entitling plaintiff to invoke s. 257 of the National Land Code 1965 (NLC) to apply for an Order for Sale - Whether s. 146 of the LGA empowered the local authority to apply for an Order for Sale under the NLC when there was no charge agreement between plaintiff and defendant - Whether unpaid rate was recoverable in the manner prescribed in ss. 148 and s. 151 of the LGA - Whether s. 146 of the LGA entitled the local authority to recover the unpaid rate under s. 257 of the NLC when there was no evidence of breach of the terms of a registered charge by defendant as a chargor - Whether legally wrong for plaintiff to invoke and rely on s. 257 of the NLC
CIVIL PROCEDURE: Jurisdiction - High Court - Court's jurisdiction and power to grant an Order for Sale - Whether must be done in accordance with requirements of any written law governing the matter - Plaintiff failed to comply with statutory requirements or provisions of s. 148, s. 149 or s. 151 of the LGA, s. 257 of the NLC, or O. 31 r. 1 of the ROC - Whether the Court should exercise its powers under the Courts of Judicature Act 1964 to allow application for an Order for Sale of defendant's holding
[2014] 1 LNS 425 PP v. MUHAMMAD ROHIMIE ABLLAH ZAWAWI CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: Appeal - Appeal against acquittal - Appeal to High Court - Culpable homicide not amounting to murder - Whether the Magistrate was correct in finding that the prosecution had failed to prove essential ingredients of the charge - Whether it was respondent's action that had caused death of the deceased - Whether Magistrate correct in finding that respondent would have no cause to believe that deceased was suffering from any ailment where a kick to his chest would or could have proved fatal - Whether appellant proved that respondent had the knowledge that his action of kicking the deceased in the chest, albeit hard, was likely to cause death - Whether evidence showed it was respondent who had caused the injury to the back of the deceased on his left side - Whether Magistrate correct when she decided that a prima facie case had not been made out, and acquitted and discharged the accused without calling for his defence

CLJ 2014 Volume 7 (Part 5)

COURT

FEDERAL COURT

Kerajaan Negeri Kelantan v. Petroliam Nasional Berhad & Other Appeals
Abdull Hamid Embong, Suriyadi Halim Omar, Ahmad Maarop, Hasan Lah, Zainun Ali FCJJ
(Contract; Civil Procedure - Discovery of documents - Breach of contract) [2014] 7 CLJ 597 [FC]

COURT OF APPEAL

Bank Pertanian Malaysia Berhad v. Nora'rifah Darus
Lim Yee Lan, Mohd Zawawi Salleh, Umi Kalthum Abd Majid JJCA
(Contract; Banking - Loan - Security for loan - Forgery) [2014] 7 CLJ 631 [CA]

China Road & Bridge Corporation & Anor v. DCX Technologies Sdn Bhd
Aziah Ali, Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, Umi Kalthum Abd Majid JJCA
(Civil Procedure; Contract - Parties - Prolixity rule - Breach of confidentiality) [2014] 7 CLJ 644 [CA]

PP v. Nurul Syuhada Shamsudin
Abdul Malik Ishak, Linton Albert, Mohd Zawawi Salleh JJCA
(Criminal Law; Criminal Procedure - Murder - Mother giving birth to baby and flushing baby into toilet bowl - Whether birth a live birth) [2014] 7 CLJ 684 [CA]

Saufee A Rahman v. Che Yussof Che Ngah & Ors
Abdul Wahab Patail, Lim Yee Lan, Mah Weng Kwai JJCA
(Administrative Law; Public Servants; Constitutional Law - Judicial review - Certiorari - Application by public servant) [2014] 7 CLJ 691 [CA]

Wing Fah Enterprise Sdn Bhd v. Matsushita Electronic Components (M) Sdn Bhd
Ramly Ali, Zaharah Ibrahim, Anantham Kasinather JJCA
(Contract - Breach - Allegation of) [2014] 7 CLJ 714 [CA]

HIGH CIURT

PP v. Zainal Abidin Maidin & Anor
Collin Lawrence Sequerah JC
(Criminal Law; Criminal Procedure; Evidence - Penal Code - Section 427 - Charge for committing mischief) [2014] 7 CLJ 723 [HC]

SUBJECT INDEX

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Judicial review - Certiorari - Application by public servant - Dismissal from police force on allegation of misconduct - Disciplinary proceedings - Whether proper - Decision of Disciplinary Board - Whether amenable to judicial review - Whether public servant afforded reasonable opportunity to be heard - Whether decision tainted with procedural impropriety, illegality or irrationality - Federal Constitution, arts. 132 & 135(2)
Saufee A Rahman v. Che Yussof Che Ngah & Ors
(Abdul Wahab Patail, Lim Yee Lan, Mah Weng Kwai JJCA) [2014] 7 CLJ 691 [CA]

BANKING

Loan - Security for loan - Forgery - Allegation of - Plaintiff claimed her signatures on security documents were forged - Judicial evaluation of evidence - Whether trial judge took over simplistic approach when assessing evidence - Plaintiff's version of case fraught with inconsistencies - Whether defendant adduced sufficient and convincing evidence to show proof of execution of document - Whether appellate intervention warranted
Bank Pertanian Malaysia Berhad v. Nora'rifah Darus
(Lim Yee Lan, Mohd Zawawi Salleh, Umi Kalthum Abd Majid JJCA) [2014] 7 CLJ 631 [CA]

CIVIL PROCEDURE

Action - Parties - Prolixity rule - Named defendants not served with cause papers - Whether plaintiff to prove case against non-parties - Whether pleadings ought to be amended or struck out in limine
China Road & Bridge Corporation & Anor v. DCX Technologies Sdn Bhd

(Aziah Ali, Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, Umi Kalthum Abd Majid JJCA) [2014] 7 CLJ 644 [CA]

Discovery - Discovery of documents - Breach of contract - Whether documents sought irrelevant to core issue in claim - Whether could not establish issue of liability - Whether discovery application to be delayed pending determination of issues of law - Exercise of discretion thereof - Whether justifiable - Rules of the High Court 1980, O. 14A, O. 24 r. 4
Kerajaan Negeri Kelantan v. Petroliam Nasional Berhad & Other Appeals
(Abdull Hamid Embong, Suriyadi Halim Omar, Ahmad Maarop, Hasan Lah, Zainun Ali FCJJ) [2014] 7 CLJ 597 [FC]

Pleadings - Material facts - Claim for misuse of 'confidential information' - Whether precise 'information' said to be breached identified in pleadings - Whether claim allowed
China Road & Bridge Corporation & Anor v. DCX Technologies Sdn Bhd
(Aziah Ali, Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, Umi Kalthum Abd Majid JJCA) [2014] 7 CLJ 644 [CA]

Summary application - Rules of the High Court 1980, O. 14A - Principles - Agreements between State Government and statutory corporation for exploitation of petroleum offshore State - Whether issues pleaded purely issues of law - Whether determinable by determining core question thereof - Whether determination of core question would determine corollary all causes of actions pleaded by plaintiff - Exercise of discretion by trial judge - Whether unflawed - Whether warranting no intervention - Petroleum Nasional Berhad v. Kerajaan Negeri Terengganu - Whether still good law
Kerajaan Negeri Kelantan v. Petroliam Nasional Berhad & Other Appeals
(Abdull Hamid Embong, Suriyadi Halim Omar, Ahmad Maarop, Hasan Lah, Zainun Ali FCJJ) [2014] 7 CLJ 597 [FC]

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

Public servants - Disciplinary proceedings - Whether proper - Whether public servant afforded reasonable opportunity to be heard - Whether decision of Disciplinary Board flawed - Whether amenable to judicial review - Federal Constitution, arts. 132 & 135(2)
Saufee A Rahman v. Che Yussof Che Ngah & Ors
(Abdul Wahab Patail, Lim Yee Lan, Mah Weng Kwai JJCA) [2014] 7 CLJ 691 [CA]

CONTRACT

Breach - Allegation of - Respondent contracted to sell waste scrap metals to appellant - Respondent ceased sales of scrap metals upon discovering appellant did not hold licence under Second-Hand Dealers Act 1946 - Whether scrap metals were second-hand goods - Whether appellant required licence - Whether transaction between respondent and appellant illegal and void
Wing Fah Enterprise Sdn Bhd v. Matsushita Electronic Components (M) Sdn Bhd
(Ramly Ali, Zaharah Ibrahim, Anantham Kasinather JJCA) [2014] 7 CLJ 714 [CA]

Breach - Breach of confidentiality - Whether information sought to be protected confidential in nature - Whether precise 'information' said to be breached identified in pleadings - Whether all statements or correspondence qualify as 'information' - Whether confidentiality of information established - Whether claim allowed
China Road & Bridge Corporation & Anor v. DCX Technologies Sdn Bhd
(Aziah Ali, Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, Umi Kalthum Abd Majid JJCA) [2014] 7 CLJ 644 [CA]

Breach - Terms and conditions - Agreements between State Government and statutory corporation for exploitation of petroleum offshore State - Failure to pay cash consideration to State - Whether in breach of agreements - Determination of rights of parties - Determination of core issue - Whether could be resolved by interpreting agreements and relevant legislation - Whether amenable to resolution summarily by affidavit evidence and determining issues of law - Rules of the High Court 1980, O. 14A
Kerajaan Negeri Kelantan v. Petroliam Nasional Berhad & Other Appeals
(Abdull Hamid Embong, Suriyadi Halim Omar, Ahmad Maarop, Hasan Lah, Zainun Ali FCJJ) [2014] 7 CLJ 597 [FC]

Illegality - Public policy - Agreement to act as introducer to broker deal with government - Whether court should entertain such claim - Courts' powers to deal with issues of public policy or illegality even if not pleaded - Contracts Act 1950, s. 24(f)
China Road & Bridge Corporation & Anor v. DCX Technologies Sdn Bhd
(Aziah Ali, Hamid Sultan Abu Backer, Umi Kalthum Abd Majid JJCA) [2014] 7 CLJ 644 [CA]

Loan - Security for loan - Forgery - Allegation of - Plaintiff claimed her signatures on security documents were forged - Judicial evaluation of evidence - Whether trial judge took over simplistic approach when assessing evidence - Plaintiff's version of case fraught with inconsistencies - Whether defendant adduced sufficient and convincing evidence to show proof of execution of document - Whether appellate intervention warranted
Bank Pertanian Malaysia Berhad v. Nora'rifah Darus
(Lim Yee Lan, Mohd Zawawi Salleh, Umi Kalthum Abd Majid JJCA) [2014] 7 CLJ 631 [CA]

CRIMINAL LAW

Penal Code - Section 302 - Murder - Mother giving birth to baby and flushing baby into toilet bowl - Whether birth a live birth - Cause of death could not be ascertained by forensic pathologist - Whether could not be guilty of murder - Whether only guilty of lesser offence - Penal Code, ss. 300, 302, 318
PP v. Nurul Syuhada Shamsudin
(Abdul Malik Ishak, Linton Albert, Mohd Zawawi Salleh JJCA) [2014] 7 CLJ 684 [CA]

Penal Code - Section 427 - Charge for committing mischief - Whether prosecution established prima facie case - Whether evidence of prosecution witnesses credible
PP v. Zainal Abidin Maidin & Anor
(Collin Lawrence Sequerah JC) [2014] 7 CLJ 723 [HC]

CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

Appeal - Acquittal at close of prosecution case - Whether analysis and findings of Magistrate correct - Whether prosecution established prima facie case - Whether contradictions and inconsistencies in evidence of prosecution witnesses prejudiced prosecution's case - Penal Code, s. 427
PP v. Zainal Abidin Maidin & Anor
(Collin Lawrence Sequerah JC) [2014] 7 CLJ 723 [HC]

Sentencing - Fair and appropriate sentence - Mother giving birth to baby and flushing baby into toilet bowl - Whether guilty of concealment of birth by secret disposal of dead body - Adequate sentence - Penal Code, s. 318
PP v. Nurul Syuhada Shamsudin
(Abdul Malik Ishak, Linton Albert, Mohd Zawawi Salleh JJCA) [2014] 7 CLJ 684 [CA]

EVIDENCE

Witness - Credibility - Contradictions and inconsistencies in evidence of prosecution witnesses - Whether evidence credible - Whether credibility of prosecution witnesses affected
PP v. Zainal Abidin Maidin & Anor
(Collin Lawrence Sequerah JC) [2014] 7 CLJ 723 [HC]

PUBLIC SERVANTS

Dismissal - Procedure - Disciplinary proceedings - Whether proper - Whether public servant afforded reasonable opportunity to be heard - Whether decision of Disciplinary Board flawed - Whether amenable to judicial review - Federal Constitution, arts. 132 & 135(2)
Saufee A Rahman v. Che Yussof Che Ngah & Ors
(Abdul Wahab Patail, Lim Yee Lan, Mah Weng Kwai JJCA) [2014] 7 CLJ 691 [CA]

ARTICLE

Legal Network Series Article(s)

LEGISLATION HIGHLIGHTS

Principal Acts

Number Title Date coming into force Repealing
ACT 763 Financial Services Act 2013 Not Yet In Force -Nil-
ACT 762 Goods And Services Tax Act 2014 1 July 2014 - Parts I, II, IV, VI and XVI, ss 10, 11, 17, 18, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 44, 50, 56, 59, 61, 64, 65, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 160, 163, 183, 184 and 197, the First Schedule and Second Schedule to the Act; 1 April 2015 - Parts IX, XIII, XVII and XVIII, ss 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 70, 84, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 98, 106, 108, 109, 110, 122, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195 and 196, the Third Schedule and Fourth Schedule to the Act [PU(B) 319/2014] -Nil-
ACT 761 Finance Act 2014 See s 3 for the Income Tax Act; s 33 for the Stamp Act; s 36 for the Petroleum (Income Tax) Act; s 44 for the Real Property Gains Tax Act and s 50 for the Labuan Business Activity Tax Act -Nil-
ACT 760 Fees (Department Of Museums Malaysia) (Validation) Act 2014 1 January 1991 to 11 June 2012 -Nil-
ACT 759 Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 30 June 2013 [PU(B) 277/2013] - except para(s) 1 to 10 of Schedule 9 and para(s) 13 to 19 of Schedule 9 -Nil-

Amending Acts

Number Title Date coming into force Principal/Amending Act No
ACT A1468 Promotion Of Investments (Amendment) Act 2014 See section 1(1) to 1(33) of the Act ACT 327
ACT A1467 Anti-Money Laundering And Anti-Terrorism Financing (Amendment) Act 2014 8 August 2014 - s 78 only; 1 September 2014 except ss 22 and 26 - 1 October 2014 [PU(B) 400/2014] ACT 613
ACT A1466 Supplementary Supply (2014) Act 2014 25 July 2014 -Nil-
ACT A1465 Private Higher Educational Institutions (Amendment) Act 2014 25 July 2014 ACT 555
ACT A1464 Price Control And Anti-Profiteering (Amendment) Act 2014 1 September 2014 [PU(B) 399/2014] ACT 723

PU(A)

Number Title Date of Publication Date coming into force Principal/Amending Act No
PU(A) 252/2014 Factories And Machinery (Exemption To Petronas Gas Berhad, Pusat Operasi Serantau Shah Alam, Selangor) Order 2014 9 September 2014 19 September 2014 ACT 139
PU(A) 251/2014 Water Services Industry (Water Reticulation And Plumbing) (Amendment) Rules 2014 9 September 2014 10 September 2014 except paragraph 2(d) coming into force on 9 September 2016 PU(A) 36/2014
PU(A) 250/2014 Customs (Amendment) (No. 4) Regulations 2014 9 September 2014 10 September 2014 PU(A) 162/1977
PU(A) 249/2014 National Heritage (Declaration Of Living Person As National Heritage) Order 2014 9 September 2014 10 September 2014 ACT 645
PU(A) 247/2014 Customs Duties (Goods Of ASEAN Countries Origin) (ASEAN Harmonised Tariff Nomenclature And ASEAN Trade In Goods Agreement) (Amendment) Order 2014 29 August 2014 15 September 2014 PU(A) 277/2012

PU(B)

Number Title Date of Publication Date coming into force Principal/Amending Act No
PU(B) 400/2014 Appointment Of Date Of Coming Into Operation 29 August 2014 30 August 2014 ACT A1467
PU(B) 399/2014 Appointment Of Date Of Coming Into Operation 29 August 2014 30 August 2014 ACT A1464
PU(B) 398/2014 Determination Of Electoral Roll For The By-Election Of N. 01 Pengkalan Kubor 29 August 2014 30 August 2014 PU(A) 293/2002
PU(B) 397/2014 Notification Under Subregulation 3(3) 29 August 2014 Described in column (2) of the Schedule PU(A) 185/2003
PU(B) 396/2014 Notification Under Paragraph 3(1)(e) 29 August 2014 30 August 2014 PU(A) 185/2003
[2014] 1 LNS(A) lxxxvi MALAYSIA

SIGNIFICANCE OF MEDICAL EVIDENCE AND THE ROLE OF DOCTORS IN DOWRY VIOLENCE CASES: THE ISSUES REMAINING PROPERLY ADDRESSED

by

MOHAMMAD ABU TAHER*


ABSTRACT

Women in Bangladesh, especially from rural areas, become the victims of cruelty due to the non-payment or inadequate payment of dowry during or after marriage in the hands of their husbands or in-laws who are supposed to protect them. To protect the women from the evil consequences of dowry, the Government of Bangladesh enacted a series of special legislation apart from existing penal laws of the country. But, in spite of these laws, there is no decreasing tendency in the number of dowry related offences rather, every year a number of gruesome cruelties relating to dowry are reported in the newspaper which indicates the severity of the problem of personal and physical security of women. Again, it is seen that the number of convictions is very low in dowry violence cases, conversely; the rate of acquittal is very high. One of the reasons that accused in such cases go unpunished is that such crimes against women generally take place within the four walls of the house maintaining secrecy where independent witnesses or direct evidence is hardly available to the prosecution. In these circumstances the role of medical evidence is crucial. However, existing data suggest that doctors' reluctance to appear in the court and false medical reports given by doctors hinder the effective implementation of the laws to provide justice to the victim women. Based on detailed fieldwork, this paper is an attempt to critically analyse the significance of medical evidence in dowry violence cases. The experiences of the victim women in dealing with doctors will broadly be discussed in this paper. Further, attempt would be made to examine the role of doctors in establishing the case before the court by adducing evidence which can go a long way to mitigate the ever increasing sufferings of the women of Bangladesh.


. . .

*PhD Candidate, Faculty of Law, University of Malaya


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[2014] 1 LNS(A) lxxxvii UNITED STATES

AN INTRODUCTION TO THE ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVES OF CONDUCTING BUSINESS*

by

AHMAD H. JUMA'H**
RAED N. ABU-MOUNES***


Abstract

This article is an introduction to the Islamic perspectives with respect to conducting business activities without engaging in the utilization of the interest rate (Ribba) mechanism. Several examples of allowed mechanisms in Islam are presented (such as partnership, leasing and investment funds). The benefits to the society should be seen as a priority and the individual benefit should not contradict the society's benefit. Ethics and moral orientations in Islam are more important than creation of laws.

Introduction

Solutions to economic problems can turn complicated. It seems that economists claim that they conduct scientific research to solve economic and finance dilemmas. We can observe more complicated concepts, mechanisms and instruments with respect to economic issues without solving the main economic dilemmas, in particular wealth distribution.


. . .

* Published with kind permission of Ahmad H. Juma'h, Raed N. Abu Mounes and the Inter Metro Business Journal.

** Ahmad H. Juma'h, Professor Metropolitan Campus, Inter American University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

*** Raed N. Abu-Mounes, Islamic Banking, Foundation of Jurisprudence, Assistant Professor, Department of Islamic Jurisprudence and its Foundation. Faculty of Shari'a, University of Jordan Amman-Jordan.


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[2014] 1 LNS(A) lix INDONESIA

HOW SERIOUS IS TAX EVASION?: AN EMPIRICAL LEGAL ANSWER*

by

ROBERT W MCGEE**, WENDY GELMAN***, THOMAS J. TARANGELO****


Tax evasion has persistently carried severe penalties, although its intended deterrence effect is highly doubtful. We can safely say that it is based on the widely shared assumption among government officials that tax evasion is among the more serious crimes. In other words, the rationale of the current approach is that the punishment should fit the crime. By taking this into account, this empirical work sets out to expand on previous studies by examining the relative seriousness of 75 crimes and analyzing some demographic variables, including gender, age, marital status, religion and others, to determine whether tax evasion is as serious a crime as some policy makers believe it to be, and to determine whether opinions differ based on demographics. The study finding shows that tax evasion is deemed to be less serious than the average crime. The article concludes that since tax evasion was deemed to be less serious than most other offenses, one might reasonably conclude that the punishment for tax evasion should be less than the punishment for most other offenses.

Keywords: Empirical Legal Studies, Tax Laws, Law and Morality, Crime and Punishments, Criminal Legal Theories, Jurisprudence, Legal Theories.


. . .

* Published with kind permission of The Institute for Migrant Rights, Indonesia.

** Fayetteville State University

*** Florida International University School of Accounting

**** Florida International University School of Accounting


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