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  CLJ Bulletin, Issue 2014, Vol 44
31 October 2014



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New This Week

1. Cases(s) Of The Week

a) OWI CHENG IAN v. SURUHANJAYA PASUKAN POLIS DIRAJA MALAYSIA & ORS

2. Latest Cases

a) Legal Network Series

b) CLJ 2014 Volume 8 (Part 5)

3. Articles

a) Legal Network Series Article(s)

4. Legislation Highlights

a) Principal Acts

b) Amending Acts

c) PU(A)

d) PU(B)


CASES(S) OF THE WEEK

OWI CHENG IAN v. SURUHANJAYA PASUKAN POLIS DIRAJA MALAYSIA & ORS
COURT OF APPEAL, PUTRAJAYA
SYED AHMAD HELMY JCA, ABDUL WAHAB PATAIL JCA, MOHAMAD ARIFF YUSOF JCA
[CIVIL APPEAL NO: W-01-672-2010]
15 APRIL 2014

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: Exercise of administrative powers - Dismissal from service - Disciplinary authority - Power of delegation - Whether correct quorum sat as disciplinary authority - Whether police force commission legally appointed - Whether there was procedural unfairness - Date of dismissal - Whether stated - Whether dismissal incomplete - Whether officer given right to be heard - Whether charge defective - Federal Constitution, arts. 135(2), 140(1) & (3)

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW: Rules of natural justice - Dismissal - Right to be heard - Whether fundamental to natural justice - Whether reasonable opportunity to be heard given - Federal Constitution, art. 135(2)

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: Public servants - Dismissal - Right to be heard - Whether denied - Whether reasonable opportunity to be heard given - Procedural fairness - Whether adhered to - Federal Constitution, art. 135(2) - Whether appellant reinstated

LATEST CASES

Legal Network Series

[2013] 1 LNS 823 MAT SORI ABD RASID lwn. KAMARUL ZAMAN ZAKARIA & YANG LAIN KASTAM DAN EKSAIS: Penyitaan - Kesahihan penyitaan - Sebab munasabah untuk mengesyaki - Sama ada terdapat sebab munasabah untuk mengesyaki bahawa barang-barang yang disita terlibat dalam kesalahan melibatkan Akta Kastam 1967
KASTAM DAN EKSAIS: Penyitaan - Notis penyitaan - Ultra vires - Sama ada notis penyitaan sah dan berkuatkuasa - Sama ada notis penyitaan bertentangan dengan peruntukan undang-undang di bawah Akta Kastam 1967
[2013] 1 LNS 1409 RHB BANK BERHAD v. GULA PERAK BERHAD; TOWN HANG SECURITIES CO LIMITED (APPLICANT) COMPANY LAW: Scheme of arrangement - Unsecured creditors - Applicant proposed a scheme with the respondent's unsecured creditors - Syndicated term loan lenders holding 38.15% of the unsecured debt objected to scheme - Statutory requisite that 75% approval of the unsecured creditors required for the scheme - Whether proposed scheme lacked the approval of the majority of creditors - Whether scheme was viable, feasible, workable and bona fide - Whether any reason to proceed with any court sanctioned meeting to consider the proposed scheme
[2013] 1 LNS 1411 RHB BANK BERHAD v. GULA PERAK BERHAD COMPANY LAW: Winding up - Petition - Inability to pay debts - Respondent's refusal and failure to pay sum demanded in the s. 218 notice - Whether respondent unable to pay its debts - Whether no bona fide dispute - Whether just and equitable to wind-up the respondent
[2014] 1 LNS 369 MICHELE KYTHE LIM BENG SZE v. KENNETH YOONG KEN CHINSON ST JAMES & ANOR CIVIL PROCEDURE: Committal proceedings - Application for - Breach of consent order - Compliance by petitioner wife on morning of continued hearing - Despite wife's compliance of the Consent Order, whether she was still in contempt for breach for the period in between non compliance and actual compliance - Whether wife purged her contempt - Costs - Whether wife's conduct forced applicant respondent husband to resort to committal proceedings for which he had to incur costs
[2014] 1 LNS 417 CHE MOHD SUFIAN @ CHE BASTIAN CHE RASHID v. PP CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: Appeal - Appeal against conviction - Appeal to High Court - Rape - Alleged failure of the prosecution to prove that complainant was injured - Whether complainant suffered injuries both before and during the rape - Whether the Sessions Court Judge erred in law and in fact when she found that there was force used against the complainant - Whether the Sessions Court Judge was right in finding that penetration had been proved - Whether there was necessity for a complainant to have seen the penetration for a rape to have been committed
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: Appeal - Appeal against sentence - Appeal to High Court - Rape - Whether Sessions Court Judge erred in law and in fact when she failed to consider the appellant's plea in mitigation - Whether Sessions Court judge considered the correct and relevant factors when passing sentence - Whether sentence of 20 years imprisonment and 7 strokes of the rotan imposed by the Sessions Court Judge was fitting - Whether sentence imposed was excessive

CLJ 2014 Volume 8 (Part 5)

COURT

COURT OF APPEAL

Husaini Yaacob v. Tan Teo Siang
Abdul Malik Ishak, Linton Albert, Umi Kalthum Abdul Majid JJCA
(Contract - Loan agreement - Breach - Whether borrower willing and able to settle loan within agreed time frame) [2014] 8 CLJ 545 [CA]

Owi Cheng Ian v. Suruhanjaya Pasukan Polis Diraja Malaysia & Ors
Syed Ahmad Helmy, Abdul Wahab Patail, Mohamad Ariff Yusof JJCA
(Administrative Law - Dismissal - Disciplinary authority) [2014] 8 CLJ 559 [CA]

Pauline Chai Siew Phin v. Khoo Kay Peng
Mohamad Ariff Yusof, Mah Weng Kwai, David Wong Dak Wah JJCA
(Civil Procedure - Jurisdiction - Divorce proceedings - Appropriate forum) [2014] 8 CLJ 571 [CA]

Superintendent Of Lands & Surveys, Samarahan Division & Anor v. Abas Naun & Ors And Another Appeal
Sulaiman Daud, Mohamed Apandi Ali, Mohtarudin Baki JJCA
(Civil Procedure - Mode of commencement - Whether should have been by way of judicial review) [2014] 8 CLJ 592 [CA]

HIGH COURT

Karambunai Corp Bhd & Ors v. Ag Damit Ag Tengah
Ravinthran Paramaguru J
(Civil Procedure - Judgments and orders - Setting aside - Orders issued by Syariah Court - Whether in excess of jurisdiction) [2014] 8 CLJ 601 [HC]

KKP v. PCSP
Noraini Abdul Rahman J
(Civil Procedure - Jurisdiction - Divorce proceedings – Whether domicile proven to be in Malaysia) [2014] 8 CLJ 626 [HC]

PP lwn. Zamri Jusoh
Zainal Adzam H
(Prosedur Jenayah - Pertuduhan - Kesilapan dalam tuduhan - Sama ada peninggalan yang material) [2014] 8 CLJ 656 [HC]

Re Tan Sie Kiong; Ex p Delta Finance Company Bhd
Supang Lian J
(Bankruptcy - Discharge of bankrupt - Delay in submission of statement of affairs) [2014] 8 CLJ 678 [HC]

SUBJECT INDEX

ADMINISTRATIVE LAW

Exercise of administrative powers - Dismissal from service - Disciplinary authority - Power of delegation - Whether correct quorum sat as disciplinary authority - Whether police force commission legally appointed - Whether there was procedural unfairness - Date of dismissal - Whether stated - Whether dismissal incomplete - Whether officer given right to be heard - Whether charge defective - Federal Constitution, arts. 135(2), 140(1) & (3)
Owi Cheng Ian v. Suruhanjaya Pasukan Polis Diraja Malaysia & Ors
(Syed Ahmad Helmy, Abdul Wahab Patail, Mohamad Ariff Yusof JJCA) [2014] 8 CLJ 559 [CA]

Rules of natural justice - Dismissal - Right to be heard - Whether fundamental to natural justice - Whether reasonable opportunity to be heard given - Federal Constitution, art. 135(2)
Owi Cheng Ian v. Suruhanjaya Pasukan Polis Diraja Malaysia & Ors
(Syed Ahmad Helmy, Abdul Wahab Patail, Mohamad Ariff Yusof JJCA) [2014] 8 CLJ 559 [CA]

BANKRUPTCY

Discharge - Discharge of bankrupt - Appeal against - Delay in submission of statement of affairs - Whether extension granted - Whether there was reasonable excuse for delay - Whether contravened s. 16(2)(b) Bankruptcy Act 1967 - Whether factual situations envisaged in s. 33(6) Bankruptcy Act 1967 existed to negate discharge of bankrupt - Whether Director General of Insolvency carried out proper and complete report - Whether bankruptcy brought about by circumstances within bankrupt's control
Re Tan Sie Kiong; Ex p Delta Finance Company Bhd
(Supang Lian J) [2014] 8 CLJ 678 [HC]

CIVIL PROCEDURE

Judgments and orders - Setting aside - Orders issued by Syariah Court - Whether in excess of jurisdiction - Whether may be set aside by civil High Court - Federal Constitution art. 121(1A)
Karambunai Corp Bhd & Ors v. Ag Damit Ag Tengah
(Ravinthran Paramaguru J) [2014] 8 CLJ 601 [HC]

Jurisdiction - Divorce proceedings - Jurisdiction of High Court to hear petition - Country where marriage was registered in - Whether domicile proven to be in Malaysia - Whether wife acquired and retained domicile of husband - Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976, s. 48
KKP v. PCSP
(Noraini Abdul Rahman J) [2014] 8 CLJ 626 [HC]

Jurisdiction - Divorce proceedings - Wife instituted divorce proceedings in English High Court - Husband applied to Malaysian High Court that he be at liberty to petition for divorce without referring to conciliatory body - Whether Malaysian High Court more appropriate forum - Forum non conveniens - Whether appropriate test to be applied - Whether `clearly inappropriate forum' test should be used - Burden of proof
Pauline Chai Siew Phin v. Khoo Kay Peng
(Mohamad Ariff Yusof, Mah Weng Kwai, David Wong Dak Wah JJCA) [2014] 8 CLJ 571 [CA]

Jurisdiction - Jurisdiction of Syariah Court - Disputes over land ownership - Syariah Court Enactment 2004 of Sabah (No. 6 of 2004) - Whether within jurisdiction of Syariah Court
Karambunai Corp Bhd & Ors v. Ag Damit Ag Tengah
(Ravinthran Paramaguru J) [2014] 8 CLJ 601 [HC]

Mode of commencement - Challenging act of public authority - Validity of issuance of provisional lease by public authority - Whether filing of writs of summon proper - Whether should have been by way of judicial review - Defending native customary rights - Whether defensive action - Whether permissible under private law
Superintendent Of Lands & Surveys, Samarahan Division & Anor v. Abas Naun & Ors And Another Appeal
(Sulaiman Daud, Mohamed Apandi Ali, Mohtarudin Baki JJCA) [2014] 8 CLJ 592 [CA]

Stay of proceedings - Application for - Wife filed for proceedings in husband's application to be stayed pending hearing and disposal of petition for divorce by English High Court - Affidavit gave rise to many disputes of facts and law - Whether full trial necessary to determine issues of jurisdiction and domicile - Whether judge should deliberate on case by way of affidavit evidence - Whether full trial necessary to determine issues of jurisdiction and domicile - Whether case to be remitted to High Court before another judge
Pauline Chai Siew Phin v. Khoo Kay Peng
(Mohamad Ariff Yusof, Mah Weng Kwai, David Wong Dak Wah JJCA) [2014] 8 CLJ 571 [CA]

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

Courts - Jurisdiction - Conflict of jurisdiction between High Court and Syariah Court - Orders issued by Syariah Court - Whether in excess of jurisdiction - Whether may be set aside by civil High Court - Federal Constitution art. 121(1A)
Karambunai Corp Bhd & Ors v. Ag Damit Ag Tengah
(Ravinthran Paramaguru J) [2014] 8 CLJ 601 [HC]

Fundamental liberties - Deprivation - Rights to property - Whether involved public law - Whether challenge against act of public authority amounted to defensive action - Whether filing of writs of summon proper - Whether permissible under private law
Superintendent Of Lands & Surveys, Samarahan Division & Anor v. Abas Naun & Ors And Another Appeal
(Sulaiman Daud, Mohamed Apandi Ali, Mohtarudin Baki JJCA) [2014] 8 CLJ 592 [CA]

Public servants - Dismissal - Right to be heard - Whether denied - Whether reasonable opportunity to be heard given - Procedural fairness - Whether adhered to - Federal Constitution, art. 135(2) - Whether appellant reinstated
Owi Cheng Ian v. Suruhanjaya Pasukan Polis Diraja Malaysia & Ors
(Syed Ahmad Helmy, Abdul Wahab Patail, Mohamad Ariff Yusof JJCA) [2014] 8 CLJ 559 [CA]

CONTRACT

Loan agreement - Breach - Jual janji agreement - Transfer of ownership of land as security of agreement - Loan set to be settled within one year - Allegations that borrower tried to contact lender to settle debt and redeem land but to no avail - Whether efforts to show borrower trying to contact lender proved - Whether borrower willing and able to settle loan within agreed time frame to redeem land
Husaini Yaacob v. Tan Teo Siang
(Abdul Malik Ishak, Linton Albert, Umi Kalthum Abdul Majid JJCA) [2014] 8 CLJ 545 [CA]

DAMAGES

Assessment - Appropriate basis of assessment - Transfer of ownership of land as security of agreement - Loan set to be settled within one year - Allegations that borrower tried to contact lender to settle debt and redeem land but to no avail - Whether efforts to show borrower trying to contact lender proved - Land sold to another person - Claim for full purchase price of land at market value minus loan sum - High Court awarded RM1.5 million to borrower - Whether judge correct in awarding such sum - Appeal against decision made in High Court
Husaini Yaacob v. Tan Teo Siang
(Abdul Malik Ishak, Linton Albert, Umi Kalthum Abdul Majid JJCA) [2014] 8 CLJ 545 [CA]

FAMILY LAW

Divorce - Jurisdiction - Domicile - Whether domicile proven to be in Malaysia - Whether wife acquired and retained domicile of husband - Law Reform (Marriage and Divorce) Act 1976, s. 48
KKP v. PCSP
(Noraini Abdul Rahman J) [2014] 8 CLJ 626 [HC]

Divorce - Jurisdiction - Forum non conveniens - Divorce proceedings instituted by wife in England - Whether husband's subsequent divorce proceedings filed in Malaysia to be stayed - Determining forum conveniens - Meaning of forum non conveniens - Burden of proof - Whether Malaysia had most real and substantial connection to divorce proceedings
KKP v. PCSP
(Noraini Abdul Rahman J) [2014] 8 CLJ 626 [HC]

Divorce - Proceedings for - Wife instituted divorce proceedings in English High Court - Husband applied to Malaysian High Court that he be at liberty to petition for divorce without referring to conciliatory body - Whether Malaysian Court `clearly inappropriate forum' in context of pending English Court proceedings by wife - Whether proceedings in Malaysia oppressive to wife
Pauline Chai Siew Phin v. Khoo Kay Peng
(Mohamad Ariff Yusof, Mah Weng Kwai, David Wong Dak Wah JJCA) [2014] 8 CLJ 571 [CA]

Divorce - Stay of proceedings - Forum non conveniens - Divorce proceedings instituted by wife in England - Whether husband's subsequent divorce proceedings filed in Malaysia to be stayed - Determining forum conveniens - Meaning of forum non conveniens - Burden of proof - Whether Malaysia had most real and substantial connection to divorce proceedings - Whether application for stay ought to be allowed
KKP v. PCSP
(Noraini Abdul Rahman J) [2014] 8 CLJ 626 [HC]

LAND LAW

Ownership - Claim for - Ownership claim over land made in Syariah Court - Non-Muslim parties involved - Whether orders made by Syariah Court valid - Whether orders of Syariah Court may be set aside by civil High Court - Whether issue of ownership of land could be determined by civil High Court
Karambunai Corp Bhd & Ors v. Ag Damit Ag Tengah
(Ravinthran Paramaguru J) [2014] 8 CLJ 601 [HC]

INDEKS PERKARA

PROSEDUR JENAYAH

Pertuduhan - Kesilapan dalam tuduhan - Kegagalan menyatakan "secara frod" dalam pertuduhan - Sama ada keterangan pendakwaan berbeza daripada pertuduhan - Sama ada responden terkeliru - Sama ada peninggalan yang material - Sama ada berlaku kegagalan keadilan - Sama ada pertuduhan cacat - Sama ada kesilapan teknikal boleh diatasi - Kanun Tatacara Jenayah, ss. 156 & 422
PP lwn. Zamri Jusoh
(Zainal Adzam H) [2014] 8 CLJ 656 [HC]

UNDANG-UNDANG JENAYAH

Pemalsuan - Pemalsuan baucer dan invois - Rayuan oleh pendakwaan terhadap pembebasan - Pegawai Tentera Laut memalsukan invois untuk menjustifikasikan pembelanjaan - Menggunakan dokumen palsu untuk melakukan frod - Elemen-elemen pertuduhan - Sama ada kerugian perlu dibuktikan - Sama ada kes prima facie berjaya dibuktikan - Kanun Keseksaan, s. 471
PP lwn. Zamri Jusoh
(Zainal Adzam H) [2014] 8 CLJ 656 [HC]

ARTICLE

Legal Network Series Article(s)

1. REGULATING COMPETITION IN THE AGE OF CONVERGENCE:
    SECTOR-SPECIFIC TO COMPETITION LAW?*
[Read excerpt]
    by: SAFINAZ MOHD HUSSEIN** [2014] 1 LNS(A) cxiv

2. "INDEPENDENCE UNDER THREAT?"* [Read excerpt]
    by: DAME HEATHER HALLETT DBE [2014] 1 LNS(A) xcix

LEGISLATION HIGHLIGHTS

Principal Acts

Number Title Date coming into force Repealing
ACT 763 Yayasan Guru Tun Hussein Onn Act 2014 Not Yet In Force -Nil-
ACT 762 Goods And Services Tax Act 2014 1 July 2014 - Parts I, II, IV, VI and XVI, ss 10, 11, 17, 18, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 40, 44, 50, 56, 59, 61, 64, 65, 69, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 86, 87, 92, 93, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 160, 163, 183, 184 and 197, the First Schedule and Second Schedule to the Act; 1 April 2015 - Parts IX, XIII, XVII and XVIII, ss 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51, 52, 53, 57, 58, 60, 62, 63, 66, 67, 68, 70, 84, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94, 98, 106, 108, 109, 110, 122, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 161, 162, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 194, 195 and 196, the Third Schedule and Fourth Schedule to the Act [PU(B) 319/2014] -Nil-
ACT 761 Finance Act 2014 See s 3 for the Income Tax Act; s 33 for the Stamp Act; s 36 for the Petroleum (Income Tax) Act; s 44 for the Real Property Gains Tax Act and s 50 for the Labuan Business Activity Tax Act -Nil-
ACT 760 Fees (Department Of Museums Malaysia) (Validation) Act 2014 1 January 1991 to 11 June 2012 -Nil-
ACT 759 Islamic Financial Services Act 2013 30 June 2013 [PU(B) 277/2013] - except para(s) 1 to 10 of Schedule 9 and para(s) 13 to 19 of Schedule 9 -Nil-

Amending Acts

Number Title Date coming into force Principal/Amending Act No
ACT A1468 Promotion Of Investments (Amendment) Act 2014 See section 1(1) to 1(33) of the Act ACT 327
ACT A1467 Anti-Money Laundering And Anti-Terrorism Financing (Amendment) Act 2014 8 August 2014 - s 78 only; 1 September 2014 except ss 22 and 26 - 1 October 2014 [PU(B) 400/2014] ACT 613
ACT A1466 Supplementary Supply (2014) Act 2014 25 July 2014 -Nil-
ACT A1465 Private Higher Educational Institutions (Amendment) Act 2014 25 July 2014 ACT 555
ACT A1464 Price Control And Anti-Profiteering (Amendment) Act 2014 1 September 2014 [PU(B) 399/2014] ACT 723

PU(A)

Number Title Date of Publication Date coming into force Principal/Amending Act No
PU(A) 283/2014 Printing Presses And Publications (Control Of Undesirable Publications) (No. 10) Order 2014 24 October 2014 25 October 2014 ACT 301
PU(A) 282/2014 National Skills Development (Waiver Of Fee To Trainee At Montfort Boys Town, Shah Alam, Selangor) Regulations 2014 17 October 2014 18 October 2014 ACT 652
PU(A) 281/2014 Price Control And Anti-Profiteering (Price Marking Of Price-Controlled Goods) (No. 5) Order 2014 17 October 2014 18 October 2014 to 27 October 2014 ACT 723
PU(A) 280/2014 Price Control And Anti-Profiteering (Determination Of Maximum Price) (No. 5) Order 2014 17 October 2014 18 October 2014 to 27 October 2014 ACT 723
PU(A) 279/2014 Control Of Supplies (Controlled Articles) (No. 5) Order 2014 17 October 2014 18 October 2014 to 27 October 2014 ACT 122

PU(B)

Number Title Date of Publication Date coming into force Principal/Amending Act No
PU(B) 450/2014 Reservation Of Land For Public Purpose For Lot 20493 Mukim Petaling 13 October 2014 14 October 2014 ACT 56/1965
PU(B) 449/2014 Reservation Of Land For Public Purpose For Lot 201148 Mukim Setapak 13 October 2014 14 October 2014 ACT 56/1965
PU(B) 448/2014 Declaration Under Section 5 Of The Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952 10 October 2014 11 October 2014 LN 73/1953
PU(B) 447/2014 Appointment Of Deputy Public Prosecutor 10 October 2014 5 May 2014 ACT 593
PU(B) 446/2014 Reservation Of Land For Public Purpose For Lot 38966 Mukim Batu 10 October 2014 11 October 2014 ACT 56/1965
[2014] 1 LNS(A) cxiv MALAYSIA

REGULATING COMPETITION IN THE AGE OF CONVERGENCE:
SECTOR-SPECIFIC TO COMPETITION LAW?*

by

SAFINAZ MOHD HUSSEIN**


INTRODUCTION

The term convergence is often used loosely to denote changing trends in the information and communications technologies and services sectors. It has been used to refer to the ability to deliver different types of services on the same network. In other words, different types of technology can talk to each other with little or without the need to have any conversion steps to establish technical compatibility.[1] Convergence can be seen when technologies and industries are growing toward each other in the broadcasting, telecommunications and information sectors. This phenomenon has spawned changes in the industries, markets, policies and regulations. One such change is in the area of competition law.

Towards the promotion of competition, countries have developed competition law and regulations. A number of countries have also established infrastructure or sector-specific rules and institutions to promote competition and control the market power in the communications industry.[2] Competition law and sector-specific regulation have different objectives and elements:


. . .

* Prosiding Seminar Kebangsaan Undang-Undang & Teknologi: Isu Undang-undang dan Syariah. Published with kind permission of the Publication Committee of the Law Faculty, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

** finaz@pkrisc.cc.ukm.my. Faculty Of Law, University Kebangsaan Malaysia


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[2014] 1 LNS(A) xcix UNITED KINGDOM

"INDEPENDENCE UNDER THREAT?"*

by

DAME HEATHER HALLETT DBE


Introduction[1]

I am disappointed that Jeremy Bentham cannot be with us tonight. I should have liked to know how he would have received the 2012 President of the Society founded in his name. He was a supporter of women's rights and therefore our relationship should have started well. However, I am proud to call myself a common lawyer and, of course, a judge and I fear, that once aware of that, our relationship would have deteriorated fast.

Jeremy Bentham was no fan of judges. For him judges and lawyers were conspirators in a criminal plot to secure fat fees with which to line their deep pockets. Over the centuries he has not been alone in his low opinion of lawyers and one might therefore forgive him for his lapse in judgment and over generalisation. However, I cannot forgive him for his failure to appreciate the importance of Judicial Independence (JI). For a man who believed in the rights of individuals, I would ask him, were he released from his cabinet, who better than judges, who have taken an oath to try cases without fear or favour, to maintain the Rule of Law and uphold the rights of the individual? If so, how can they perform that function unless free of inappropriate constraints?.


. . .

* Bentham Association Presidential Address 2012, 14 March 2012. Published with kind permission of the Judicial Communications Office, Judiciary of England and Wales. Published with kind permission of the Judicial Communications Office, Judiciary of England and Wales (http://www.ucl.ac.uk/laws/alumni/presidents/docs/hallett_12.pdf).


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